AP European History
As taught by Mr. Edmonds
Background to the Renaissance
1300’s
- The Plague and Catholic
Schism end Middle Ages
-Giotto
begins perspective in art
-
-Use of currency and banking
begins in
-Hansiatic
League begins trade across
-New towns begin forming as
“Free Towns”
-1453:Fall
of the
- The Printing Press:1456
-Johannes Gutenberg inventor
Spread of knowledge
Encouraged individual learning
People began to question
The Renaissance: Overview
* Beginning of the Modern
World
5 Major Developments of the
Renaissance
Thinking and questioning increases
-Humanism and Individualism
Development of Political Systems
-Creation of Nation-States
Artistic Methods drastically change
-Michaelangelo, Leonardo
Vinci, Raphael and Donatello
Voyages of Discovery
-
Reformation of Religion
-Protestants and Civil Wars
*The Renaissance ends in
1527, with Sack of Rome: Charles V
The Renaissance in
-Money: banking, Medici Family
-Geography
-Great Individuals
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Cosmo Medici:
Lorenzo Medici
Savanarola:
Machiavelli
The Renaissance in
-Center of power
-Medici’s move to
-A world stage to work upon
-A God to please
-Great Individuals
Raphael
Donatello
Julius II
Pope Leo X
Clement VII
Leo XI
Roman Renaissance Popes
1. Nicholas V: 1447-1455
-He began the rebuilding of
2. Pius II: 1458-1464
-Stern and serious pope, did not fit in well w/
Renaissance
3. Paul II: 1464-1471
-Easy going and threw splendid pageants
4. Sixtus IV:
1471-1484
-Redesigned and rebuilt
5. Innocent VIII: 1484-1492
-Two illegitimate children, he chiefly had to deal with
the threat from
6. Alexander VI Rodrigo Borgia:
1492-1503
-Encouraged leaders of
-12 new cardinals for the brides
-Total disregard for any spiritual importance of the
papacy
-Had at least three illegitimate children with two
mistresses
-Used the office to make money and help his son Cesar Borgia to gain power and influence
-Was very corrupt and pimped out his daughter to spread Papal
power
-Made Papal System seem very bad
*Treaty of Tordesillas:
fought the Influence of France
in
7. Julius II: 1503-1510 “The Warrior Pope”
-1508:he was able to conclude
with French King Louis XII, the emperor
Maximillian and Ferdinand of
Started the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica
Patron of Rapheal and Michaelangelo
9. Leo X: 1510-1521
-Fought the Turks at
-Increased the sale of indulgences: payment in exchange for
forgiveness of sins
-Excommunicated Martin Luther
-Skilled Diplomat
-Administrator
-Patron
10. Machiavelli
-Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italians and their
rulers to be more united and firm
their attempts to keep foreigners out.
Hoped that
Cesar Borgia or the Medici
Family would unite
-”The ends justifies the means.”
*Sacking of
- Sacked by
- Signaled the end of the Roman Renaissance
- 4,000 Romans were killed
Renaissance Music, Art and
Literature
1. Music
-Polyphonic music begins in church
-Catholic music remains chant
based
-Protestants develop hymns
with 4 parts and words in vernacular
2. Instruments
-Violin
-Lyre
-Harpsichord
3. Art
-Based on fear of death
-Destruction, sadness, horror
Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights
4. Literature
-Machiavelli: The Prince
-Castiglione:
The Courtier
-Erasmus: Imprase
of Folly
-Cervantes: Don Quixote
-Thomas Moore: Utopia
Rise of Nation-States:
1450-1500
*People with common cultures
will form political systems to rule
BACKGROUND
-Feudal System had grown out
of the tribal system of the Barbarians
-Feudal System built around
decentralized local government
-No formal states (city,
nation or empire) existed in 1400 in
-The Point: between 1400 and
2004,
CHARACTERISTICS
-Growing Bureaucratization:
more and more order needed to have a centralized state
-Existence of a permanent
Mercenary Army: due to the larger wars, people wanted armies
-Kings needed armies if they
wanted to keep power
-Growing need to tax: in
order to pay for the armies and the wars, monarchy needed taxes
-State of arguments for
Representative government (Pope’s Council, Parliament in
-King wins this battle, but
-Stable
government=possibility for economic, social and political growth rather than
constant international war
-Increased competition
between states rather than within the states
Catalysts
-Confusion and chaos during
14th and 15th centuries: too much for Feudal lords
-Rise of the Middle Class:
meant that the Feudal lords were out-powered
-War: creating a single king
over a state
Idea of Political States
Begin
-Tools of diplomacy:
embassies
-Centralization: a
centralized government brings stability, builds business, houses and
educational systems
-Ferdinand of
*Major parts of Ferdinand and
Isabella’s Reign: 1474-1516
-Unification of
-The discovery of the
-The Reconquista
in 1492: The Expulsion of the Muslims and Jews from
-An international policy of
marriage alliances to consolidate Spanish power, the Spanish monarchy had a
foreign policy influenced by the creation of a permanent state and used
embassies and diplomats
-The Start of the Spanish
Inquisition, got Jews and Muslims out of
Joanna the Mad: 1504-1506
-Ferdinand’s mother; result
of intermarriage and cast spells
Charles I of
-Son of Joanna the Mad
-Holy Roman Emperor
-Catholic and loves people
-King from 1500-1556
-Abdicated his thrown
-100 Years War ended in 1453,
started War of the Roses
-Henry Tudor won and united
-Consists of almost 300
semi-sovereign part, over which an emperor, who was
elected by a group of seven German Princes, ruled with little authority
Henry VII: 1485-1509
-During the War of the Roses:
York and Lancaster houses fought over who would dominate monarchy
-First king of a united
Louis XI: 1461 “The Spider
King”
-Restored unity and stability
to
-In his efforts to curd the
powers of the great French nobles, Louis XI relied on the support of the lower
nobility and the middle class
-During most of his despotic
reign, Louis relentlessly consolidated the royal power, employing bribery,
diplomacy, intrigue, treachery and occasionally; war
-By consolidating his power,
he laid the foundation for the absolute monarchy in
Ivan III: 1462-1505 “Czar”
-Over ruled by Mongols and
Tartars
-Along with Grand Duke of
-Very Barbaric compared to
The Age of Exploration: 1400-1770
*
-Exploration motives: god,
glory, gold
1. Prince Henry the Navigator
-established school in
2. Bartholmew
Diaz
-Reached “The Cape of Good
Hope,” and then returned to
3. Vasco de Gama
-Sailed to
4. Christopher Colombus
-Reached
-He greatly miscalculated the
circumference of the earth (by 7,000 miles!)
-His voyage connected the
“new” world with the “old” world for the first time in the modern era
-This resulted in a
phenomenal “Colombian Exchange” of products, ideas and diseases
5. Ferdinand Magellan: 1519-Spain
-To figure out how big the
earth is and where
-Philippine locals killed him
and possibly ate him
-Given credit for sailing
around the world, even though he did not actually complete his journey: 1523
*Conquistadors
-“conquering Christians,” who
in the 1500s ruthlessly conquered Native American’s in the name of Christianity
for the benefit of the Spanish Empire
6. Cortez:
-Conquered the Aztecs with
600 men against several thousands of men
7. Francisco Pizzaro:
-Conquered the Incas of Peru,
took their gold and killed their ruler
-Made massive contribution to
8. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
-Crossed the
9. Ponce de Leon
-Explored
10. Hernando
-Discovered the