Reformation

1517-1550’s or 60’s

“We love rebels. We kill them, but then we think that they were awesome.” -Mr. Edmonds

Overview The changes brought around by the Renaissance led to individual thinking. This was different that what was previous where the Church told you what to do and what the bible said. The individual thinking led to a questioning of the church. People such as Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingly decided to act upon the churches mishaps. This caused a break from the church and the dream of a united church was crushed. The idea of protesting against the church was known as Protestantism and the idea spread quickly. Before the church knew it, there were three more major religions and three major countries were against them. This meant that they had to act. So, they gathered together to counter the reformation. Their decisions at their council changed the course of history. These choices would eventually lead to many wars over the souls of the citizens. Cool Fact- In 1500: People willing to Die for their Faith: 10 Million. NOW: only 10% of Germany even Believes in God much less is prepared to die for what they believe. What caused this change is a very important question for this class.

Reformation SPRITE Review

Reformation Causes:
Social- Martin Luther (Lead priest in Reformation), corruption of the Church, Martin Luther, John Wycliffe, John Knox, less internal alliance to the Church, religion was very complex to the common man. The main social cause of the reformation was the individual thinking. The individual thinking came from the schooling that some people were receiving. This schooling helped them to think more critically and enabled them to read the bible. This made it possible for people to personally read the scripture and get out of it what they wanted to, letting them to draw their own conclusions.

Political- German Princes chose the religion of their area, new monarchs snatched some power that the Church was losing due to corruption. Simony (Sale of Church positions), Indulgences (Paid way to‘escape purgatory’), Pluralism (having more than one position at once), and other abuses of Church power. The political cause of the reformation was the war that sacked Rome. This war was able to spread the ideals of the Renaissance to the rest of the world. And it was the ideals of the Renaissance that made people want to reform the church. The other cause was the struggles between the thrones and the papacy. This struggle was fought by most of the kings, with them telling the pope their discontent with the church.

Religious- Because the Reformation was a religious change, most of its causes were religious. The biggest one is the corrupt actions by the pope and the rest of those involved with the church. Pluralism, holding more than one church position, was more popular than ever. The buying of church, simony, positions also increased. The Popes were having illegitimate children, spending money on themselves, and throwing big parties in order for their own gain. All this made people angry and they wanted to rebel against the church. Piety (More personal ways to communicate with gGod than through the Church)people wanted a closer connection with God and to be able to read and understand the Bible.
Ideas-Idea of Reformation (To split, to reform, as in to split from
the Catholic Church and form a new Religion.) discard some sacraments, saved by faith not just works, predestination, monastic life unnatural, celibacy not required, consubstantiation Because the Reformation was a religious change, most of its causes were religious. The biggest one is the corrupt actions by the pope and the rest of those involved with the church. Pluralism, holding more than one church position, was more popular than ever. The buying of church, simony, positions also increased. The Popes were having illegitimate children, spending money on themselves, and sold out their kids into prostitution in order for their own gain. All this made people angry and they wanted to rebel against the church.
Technology- Bible translated into German and English (and other languages), printing press important since information could spread much more quickly now The invention of the Printing Press was the key reason for the reformation. This device was used to spread the news of all the bad things that the church was doing. It was also used to print Bibles for the commoners to read.
Economics- selling of indulgences and church offices inflamed Luther, the new wealthy middle class was gaining education and thus demanding more educated friars There are two economic causes to the reformation. The first is the corrupt spending of church money as mentioned above. The second and most important economic cause of the reformation were the indulgences. Indulgences were sold by the Catholic Church, which were for forgiveness. Some people were opposed to buying repentance from God. Luther was extremely frustrated with the idea that people could pay to get rid of their sins.

Reformation Germany
S- Gutenberg, printing press, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences,three new areas of religion for people to start interests in; great Reformation art led by Albrecht Durer (4 Horsemen of Apocalypse, Melancholia) In order for people to be able to read their own Bible, they had to be educated. The change in beliefs made moiré people want to read their own Bible, so in turn the people wanted more education. In the end, the reformation led more formal schooling. Luther also taught that men and women should have equal opportunities to read the Bible even though socially they have very different roles, this was a very new idea that most people had never thought of before. Many of Luther’s teachings led women to be happier and therefore, Lutheranism was popular among women.
P- Frederick of Saxony chose to go against the HRE and protect Martin
Luther, Diet of Worms, Protestant Princes revolt against Catholicism, Papal
Bull, Confession of Augsburg, Charles V is in power, German peasants revolt of 1524-25, Peace of Augsburg of 1555 gives Lutherans and Catholic rulers the right to determine the religion of the region. Luther’s teachings made Charles V of HRE very angry and therefore, in the Edict of Worms, Charles made Luther an outlaw of the empire. This edict forced Luther’s works to be burnt and Luther to be arrested. The Electors in each of the HRE states took the religion of their states into their control of the religion in their state. This made it possible for the Electors to have more power than the Pope in their local regions. The Electors were able to do this because advances during the Renaissance led the states further away from the throne. Charles V finally noticed what was happening and decided to send in troops. By this time the Lutherans had plenty of time to get ready for this and they were well organized. The Peasants War was very brutal and lasted for many years. 100,000 peasants died. They thought Luther would support them since he had disagreed with the Catholic church and the HRE but Luther did not. Luther believed people had spiritual freedom but NOT political and social freedom. Finally, Charles had to accept defeat and signed the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty finally gave the rights for the German states to choose their religion individually, but gave no religious toleration for the individual people or for the Calvinists.
R- New Testament written into German language, Martin Luther decreases
Pope's power, fiscal crisis in Church leads to corruption and abuses of
power, simony, Tetzel sells indulgences, Pope Leo X did not realize how serious the Protestant cause was and reacted too late, 95 Thesis hung on door of Wittenburg Church; Luther rejected the pope, which set an example for others to follow.  All over Europe more religions were popping up. The belief of the Catholics was that you can buy an indulgence and shorten your sentence in purgatory for your sins. They also thought that the way to get to heaven was through faith and good works. Luther disagreed with them. Luther thought that putting a price tag on heaven was a bad idea. He also thought that no amount of good works would be good enough to get into heaven. Luther started to preach his own religion, called Lutheranism, to the people of Germany. This idea that people are saved by faith is the basis of most Protestantism. Because the church didn’t agree with his teachings, they excommunicated Luther in 1521.

I- dispensations, incelebacy, pluralsim, nepotism, indulgences, 95 Theses,
individualism again, Martin Luther, Tetzel tells what he is selling will
forgive your sins; People began to think for themselves; they wanted to learn to read the newly translated Bible, which spiked education levels. - The intellectual ideas of the German Reformation were all inside of Lutheranism. So, in order to see what the intellectual ideas were just read the teachings of Luther, or see my summary above. Calvin gives us Predestination
T - printing press dramatically increased the # of printings of the Bible, New Testament, Ulrich Zwingli, Ana-Baptists, John Calvin. Because of the Printing Press Luther was able to print thousands of copies of his theses and circulate them throughout Germany. This helped him by getting the word out about how bad the Catholic Church was. Some people say that the only reason for Luther’s success was due to the Printing Press.

E -money gets spent on indulgences; Church lost money due to loss of many people converting to Protestantism; instead, their money went into the economy and not indulgences or tithes. Different churches gained money through their members. Indulgences were usually excepted as a pardon for sins, Simony and Pluralism. The economy had small impact in the German Reformation. The only difference was in the indulgences which were sold less after the reformation. And, the other difference was that money going to the church stayed in the HRE rather than going to the Catholic center of Venice, Italy.

Reformation - France & Geneva
S Women were eventually treated more equally because Calvinism and Lutheranism said they could also learn about and influence their own salvation. Many religious icons and art were destroyed because Calvin felt they distracted from the spiritual; many nobles become Huguenots to avoid the Catholic taxes and tithes, Huguenots leave France under Persecution during the Religious Wars. People would strive for perfection. Calvinist people were very hardworking, self-disciplined, and simple living. People would try to strive to be good people. The rich and the poor lived as one. The city of Geneva was founded by Calvin in the hopes of making it a utopian society. It was ruled over by a court which enforced the teachings of Calvinism. This meant that citizens could be arrested for “dancing, playing cards, obscenity, drunkenness, or swearing.

P Several theocracies arose including one in Geneva that was ruled by Calvin, these theocracies were very controlling of people's social and spiritual lives, political control was more centralized because political leaders were off fighting religious wars and needed their whole kingdom unified; centralization concluded, affair of the placards, St. bartholomew's day massacre, edict of nantes, francis I. The former protestant leader in Switzerland was Zwingli, but, after he was killed in a religious war, the torch got passed onto John Calvin. Calvin had grown up in France, a Catholic country, and he converted to Protestantism and was banished because of it. Once he got to Switzerland, Calvin instilled a government in Geneva in hopes of reforming it. The reform in Geneva made it into one of the most important cities in Switzerland.

R Zwinglisim and Calvinism were created which led to more religious conflicts and to a whole period of civil and religious wars, led to questioning of the Catholic Church, the Reformation in France led to many Huguenots in high positions of the government which let to Paris and Rome having a weaker connection which led to France not concentrating on religion as much; huguenots, catholocism criticized, Geneva bible, John Calvin’s Geneva becomes “New Rome”. The Geneva bible is written. The Huguenots are created. John Knox to Scotland as a Puritan Missionary; Calvin’s teachings were very much the same as Luther’s other than one thing. He believed in Predestination, in which God knows who will go to heaven before they are born. He also thought that it would be better if they would be able to connect the church with the state. To preach his message, Calvin started a school and a city. The school was based on Calvin’s Institute of the Christian Religion and he focused on logical analysis of Christianity.

I The Reformation in France made some people question if God really existed and if all their knowledge of the universe had been false, led to the Scientific revolution and Enlightenment, led to more people questions things especially authority, which created intellects and philosophers; utopian/theocratic government; Thomas More writes Utopia in England, Calvin wrote Institutes of the Christian Life which codified the ideas of Calvinist Christianity See religion for the teachings of John Calvin
T Technologically people felt that because God had deserted them they felt more dependent on themselves, which led to more of a focus on improving and glorifying their own lives instead of just God's. Calvin invented the idea of Predestination; Calvin also begins the Iconoclasm (destroying art in churches and Cathedrals). The Printing Press was very helpful in spreading Calvin’s ideas.
E The economy became unstable and bad because religious wars were being fought and merchants did not want to risk losing money in trading with other countries with bad economies, also inflation increased drastically because of the wars, this led to kings taxing the peasants more which eventually led to more conflict; new trade, high productivity, wool/textiles manufactured, Weber Thesis says that Northern European countries are richer than southern because Norther countries are mosre likely to be Calvinist. Since Calvinists work harder they became more wealthy; Geneva Attracted the rich, Free enterprise The economy of Geneva was basically in the church. Everything in the city was directly or indirectly owned by the church, this made the economy into the church.

Reformation- England

SOCIAL- Clergy reduced in power--regular English people can read Bible; Edmund Spencer poet; Francis Bacon Philosopher; Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Jonson  Playwrights/poets; Thomas More writes Utopia; Henry VIII's beheading of his wife Anne Boleyn for adultery accusations The social order was the basis of the reform in England. The whole reason it was started was because King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, so that he could remarry. The social contract of the time and of the religion was of no divorce. Henry defied this contract and angered the church and the people. He quickly changed the whole country’s religion. The country eventually accepted the policy..

POLITICAL- Catholics prevented from holding office--King has control of Church; The English defeated the Spanish Armada during the reign of Elizabeth I. Henry VIII passes Act of supremacy making him the head of the church.  Mary I kills over 300 protestants which make the communities talk and change their ways. Edward VI Passes 39 Articles which made England very close to Calvanism/Puristanism. Henry passes the Act of Supremacy to make him leader of the Church of England The English Reformation had a profound affect on politics. First of all it gained power for the king. This is shown when Henry VIII chooses to split from the Catholic Church. He is basically saying that he can do whatever he wants. Also seen was the passing of the Act of Supremacy, which were laws that stated that the King of England was in charge of the church. The other way kings gained power was through a decrease in church power due to the split from it. The King and Queens to follow Henry (all of whom were direct offspring) followed in his footsteps by taking power over the church. The other political outcome was a union between England and Spain. This came about, when Mary I of England needed help changing England to Catholicism and she married the heir to the Spanish pert of the HRE, Phillip II. In a related note of foreign affairs, England became farther away from the HRE because when Henry VIII wanted his first divorce, he was refused by the church due to the influence of the HRE because Henry’s first wife was the Aunt of Charles V, the leader of the HRE.   

RELIGIOUS- Catholics unallowed- Creation and Rise of Anglican Church; Henry VIII, founded the Anglican Church and that was the new church of England. Mary I turns England back to Catholicism, but Elizabeth I returns it back to Protestantism by popular demand.  Elisabeth also is a POLITiQUE which means she is more interested in your loyalty to her and the state than which religion you are. The religious outcomes were fairly obvious. A new religion was formed (Anglicanism) which was only in England and eventually fizzled out. Next, England changed religions many times, from Catholic to Anglican, Anglican to Calvinist, Calvinist to Catholic, and from Catholic to Anglican in less than 100 years all within one generation of Tudors. The other change was that the Catholic Church lost power in England by having no control over the church, no matter what religion they decided to be.

IDEAS- Anglicanism- it's okay to break from Church-- Divine Right Absolute Monarchy; The idea of being a politique, Elizabeth I allowed the people to believe whatever as long as they stayed loyal to the Queen. Mercantilism was also a new idea. England renaissance  No great new ideas came directly from the reformation in England other than the new church. The teachings of Anglicanism were the same as the Catholic church other than its point of view on divorce. 

TECHNOLOGY- new English Bible-- books, books, books!-- Book of Common Prayer is the official guide to worship for Anglicans. The Pipe Organ is used throughout Europe during Reformation

ECONOMIC- King takes over economics; Bible reading/selling increase; Catholic Church loses money because of England’s change to the Anglican Church. Henry VIII desolves the Catholic Monasteries and gives the land and money to his nobility. The nobles increase in power and are more loyal to Henry VIII and the Tudor family as a result. The change in politics was very small. The only one I can think of is that England took control of all of the Church’s belongings. This meant that England was able to sell the monasteries to private land owners for profit

Counter Reformation
S Created awesome new art and architecture (called the Baroque), INDEX banned certain books. Part of the plan of the Jesuits was to use education to spread God’s word. This led to an increase in the overall education levels. One of the Papal Decrees was used to form “The Index” which was a list of banned books. This changed society by allowing them only to read certain books.
P Attempted to have Catholic countries invade protestant countries (and vice versa) and control their government and religion, instituted the inquisition, tried to influence other countries to help the Catholic cause and would sometimes bribe them Trying to reduce problems within the papacy, the papal decrees helped to keep the Pope and the Church from getting involved with Italian politics. This led to a major decrease in Italian power because they no longer had all the financial support of the church.
R Made Catholicism the religion to be in because of great art, mystery, and superior orders and programs, tried to convert many people through the Jesuit order, the Catholic doctrine remained the same which angered protestants and others The Council of Trent was held to review the doctrine of the Catholic Church and make any necessary changes to it. This Council was pointless, though, because they all agreed that the doctrine was perfect and didn’t need to be changed. They did decide to change some of the practices however. The only change that occurred was the formation of the Jesuits. The Jesuits were formed as a group that was completely devoted to the Pope and helped to spread Catholicism.
I Created great schools that were designed to educate you not only in rhetoric and math but in Catholicism and missionary work Because there was no change to the doctrine there were no new intellectual ideas to come around.
T Discouraged the new ideas of humanism, individualism, and the heliocentric model, innovated new techniques of art now called the Baroque style
E Decreased economic prosperity of the church because of less indulgence selling and the creation of new art and buildings, Jesuits helped contribute to economic prosperity in the Americas because they opened the natives up to trade The only changes in the economy was a lack of financial support for Italian affairs and a decrease in indulgence sales

Reformation Results –

Socially, common people began to question, think and accept new ideas like the elite had during the Renaissance. Better education for the priests and many more schools created to study theology. Reading became much more important since everyone had to read the Bible for themselves according to the Protestants

Politically, Germany was divided by the Peace of Augsburg which stated that the Catholics and Lutherans can never be united. England's king became the head of the church. The church lost a lot of power.

Religion is now chosen by the ruler.

Intellectuals are appearing like Erasmus a Christian Humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly

Technologically, the scientific revolution is about to begin.

Economically, everyone wants to explore the New World.