To what extent and in what ways did women participate in the Renaissance?


Women participated in the Renaissance in social, political, and religious ways. Socially, they maintained the household for example, politically by marrying to produce heirs and ruling countries, and religiously by serving God and often the pope.


Or, better written as

Women participated in the Renaissance socially by maintaining the household, politically by marrying kings and having heirs; occasionally ruling nation states, and religiously by serving God.


S- Mother's and housewives were the expected role, lower status than men

P- no political power but Catherine Medici, Isabello of Spain, Elizabeth, Isabella Este, Mary I were all monarchs

R- Nuns, Popes had mistresses

I- Mary I; witches – woemn are accused in large numbers beginning in 1540s

T-

E- Marriage deals, maintained household, allowed to work at times; midwives, nurses,


How were the Political Authorities influnced by the Protestant Reformation


Political authorities influenced the course of the protestant Reformation politically by increasing the power in kings and their efforts to protect or punish reformers religiously as different rules took sides and chase religions for their countries, and economically by the rules coming to power as rulers of the country and the Church, where money from both goes to the government.


S- poor peasants were frustrated with high political taxes and then the Catholic Church taxes citizens with indulgences

P- Fredrick of Saxony protects Martin Luther. The confession of Augsburg & the start of Lutheranismis supported by some of the German Princes; Kings grow in power, popes decrease,

R- weakening Catholic Church built power of political leaders; Lutheranism, Catholicism, Calvinism, Ana-Baptists, Angelicans all have some political support although the ana-Baptists don't have much

I- idea that political leaders can challenge the Pope, nation states grow in legitimacy

T- The printing press by Gutenberg

Political authorities influenced the course of the Protestant reformation by either trying to help Martin Luther or prevent him from spreading Catholicism. Politically, Fredrick of Saxony protected Martin Luther by holding him in his house until it was safe for him to be released, Socially, poor peasants were frustrated with high taxes and religiously because the weakening catholic church built the power of political leaders.

E: Everywhere Protestantism wins the king and nobles get richer because they don't send taxes out of the country to Rome anymore. In England especially, Henry VIII confiscated the monastaries and gave the land and money to the nobility of England. This made the nobles wealthy and more loyal to Henry VIII


Describe and analyze the influence of the Enlightenment on both elite ulture and popular culture in the 18th century.

Throughout the Enlightenment of the 1700s, the high culture made huge advances, introduced new ideas, boasted art and literature, and even tried to spread their thoughts and culture to the lower class. The scientific revolution and enlightened thinking created a new way of life that involved making society as great as possible. Artists spread ideas and writers such as Voltaire did the same through satirism and new forms of literature.


Elite: S – ELITE; women more included, elite had more time and money ,more educated, which gave popular Culture a little knowledge about things. Newspapers, philosophes writings, middle class broadened,

P Enlightened Despots, Salon discussions, only elite knew about it but popular = Felt it the most

R. Elite: new ways to look @ God, tolerant of newer religions but dislike for tradition and Catholicism

Popular: still very religious; Saw it very little in church, a few new mixes of religion did make it to pupular but they didn't like the new much

I – Elite: philosophes, capitalism, Deism new crafts, elite expanded on old ideas

Technology

E – Elite: more education led to new trade. City people made more $ and worked less making so: Popular: almost no impact on farmers in rural areas


Describe and Analyze response to industrialization be working class between 1850 and 1914.


The working class between 1850 and 1914 had many responses to industrialization. Socially, workers wanted to have rights and then have them protected. Politically, they wanted to have a say in politics and a representation in government. Economically, business owners wanted safe machines, because workers kept getting hurt and costs money to buy new machines and also wanted their workers to have rights.


Social- with the huge amount of jobs available in factories, most people had jobs and money, making them happy. wanted safe machines, wanted rights for workers trade unions legal for the first time

Political- better economy/happy citizens w/ jobs equaled governmental stability. Religion- none

Ideas- The spread out farms turned into tight knit factory communities, changing the designs.

Technology- The invention of various other power sources made it easier to power factories was big for economies worldwide who had or bought goods from factories.


The industrial Revolution changed Europe socially by giving many people jobs/money. Politically, by stabilizing governments w/ great economic income, and economically by creating huge profits through the amount of goods made in factories during the time.



Compare and contrast two types of government introduced during 1640-1780


S- vote freedom vs. king’s commands, citizens vs. peasants

P- Ancient Regime

R- Divine right, Calvinists vs. Protestants

I- Enlightenment, Imperialism

T- Indust. Rev.

E- Capitalism, free trade


Absolutism

1) social- what the king told them to do

2) political-divine right, Louis XIV, Peter the Great

    3) religious- Catholics

  1. economic- high taxes, imperialism absolutism- France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia

Constitutionalism

1) People could vote, citizens, equality, liberalism

  1. Robert Walpole, prime ministers, the prime minister, The English civil war

  1. Protestant/ Calmest


From 1640-1780 Constitutionalism and Absolutism flourished, and affected the rations they were in different ways. Socially Constitutionalism eventually let a few citizens vote for their representatives and Absolutism had a King who made decisions with or without the country’s consent, thus letting Constitutional people become more active in there government. Politically, Absolutism gave a single person more power, thus decisions were accomplished faster than the 500 people who make decisions in a Constitutionalist-state. Economically, Constitutionalism allowed freer trade than Absolutists who didn’t allow trade with certain countries just because they didn’t like the ruler.



Two types of government introduced during 1640-1780, constitutionalism and absolutism

Were different and similar in social, political, and economic ways. Socially, they were different in the treatment of the lower class people and similar in that there were many different religions in the nation-state, politically they were different with the use of a constitution and an elected government and a ruler instated by divine right. Constitutionalist nations experienced freer trade and better imperialism economically, whereas absolutist nations starvation and poverty for the lower classes and bankruptcy.

    Capitalism

The differences portrayed by writers compared to artists of the late 18th-19th century on the topic of the Renaissance and Romantic eras were portrayed differently through their arts. The Renaissance writers and artists focused on humans in their works. This differs from Romantic artists as they focused on nature.


S- ideas spread through upper class, more artists and writers, new and individual ways of thinking, spread ideas


P- enlightened despots, new nation-states, peace of Utrecht, England, and Scotland join, 7 years war, prime ministers, French revolution


R- Protestantism common from new thinking, deism, Huguenots oppressed in France


I- classical realism, enlightened thinking, scientific revolution, individualism, wanted to better society, Volfaire Montesquieul Rousseau.


T- encyclopedia


E- new exploration, colonies, South Pacific discovered


The industrial revolution caused the economic situation in the 19th century to completely turn around Mercantilism and the cottage industry suffered greatly because people left the countryside for jobs in textile manufacturing plants in the city. Inflation rose as a result of decreased food production, and the only people who benefited were the upper class industry owners which left the taxed worker class poor and in poverty.


The working class of 1850 and 1914 had to adjust to the new technology coming in but they began to appreciate it, it made their jobs easier, some hated it, it took their jobs away, but overall they didn’t have a huge reaction, they took it in and didn’t care much.


Colbert and Adam Smith

Both Jean-Baptist Colbert & Adam Smith sought to increase the wealth of their respected countries but however their recommendations were different. Politically, Smith thought that the government should not be involved in the economic affairs because it decreased productivity. Colbert thought that the government should be actively involved in maintaining a Mercantilist policy. Economically, Smith believed that because the government was not involved in business, that businesses could do what they do best. Colbert thought that a favorable balance of trade through decreased imports and increased experts, and raised tariffs on foreign goods.


Ideas in improving the wealth of their countries differed in that Adam Smith suggested that government should follow laissez-faire and stay out of the flow of economy, Dean-Babtiste Colbert suggested government interfere and control economy making exports with more than imports.


Colbert: gov’t should be involved, mercantilist policies are best, favorable balance of trade is most effective, decrease imports, increase exports, paid people to set up industries, created infrastructure, raised tariffs on foreign goods, created merchant marine


Smith: gov’t shouldn’t be involved, economy is best left alone because businesses do what they do best, influenced by Enlightenment, created economic liberalism (a.k.a. laissez-faire), Smith said government should have a strong military, gov’t should also build infrastructure


S- Adam Smith and the national economy. Colbert, good grip on economy.

P- government should not set regulations on the economy

R-

I- government roles protect from attack, protect from injustice, and public works

T-

E- no touchie from the government and should be controlled by the gov.


Colbert


Smith


Compare and Contrast the liberalism and conservatism of the 1800s.



Questions below here will not be asked on Monday but are useful reading anyway.


Describe what happened between 1940-1970 that resulted the independence of the European colonies.

S-

P- Korean War, Vietnam War, Cold War

R- Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream”

I-

T- Hydrogen and atomic bombs gain popularity, Sputnick

E- End of the European domination era


Social- Welfare states begin throughout western Europe and Communism in east

hippies- working class struck out at government women start demanding rights

Political- Aftermath of WWII, Europe is weak, dying old man many conservative rulers

Religious-

Ideas- Conservatism at all-time high peop;e want to avoid war

Technological- lots or new war tech

Economics- War tech all destroyed large economic problems


Virtually all or England’s colonies gained independence between 1945-1970 because socially nobody wanted war and were fighting their own government. Politically no one wanted war because their country and economy was trashed.


Europe gained independence from 1945-1970, socially by declaring welfare states, politically by fighting and winning wars, and technology by creating enhancing the use of hydrogen and atomic bombs.


S-Middle class was broadened, more leisure so more time to travel, countries had post war models to reform and change to


P- Soviet Union split up and formed new states, many different political parties, new superpowers of the world (SU & US) loyalty to countries split up Europe

R-


I- Nationalism


T- western society began new advanced like the jet plane, t.v., and computer


E-wanted more money and new trades


When almost all of European colonies achieved independence between 1945 and 1970, Europe contributed to these movements socially by giving them models of societies to follow in order to gain freedom, politically by having too much internal conflicts due to the loyalties for the new superpowers, and economically by spending lots of money on support for the wars and not being able to make money due to lack of trade coming from the revolting colonies, resulting in not being able to send an army, to restrain the colonies due to lack of money.


1) Social- rebuilding lives from wars

2) Political- u.s. and u.s.s.r. superpowers, u.n., Iron curtain.

3) religious- decline in religion, tiny Catholic Church

4) intellectual- countries should be free

5) Technological- nuclear weapons, satellites, space exploration

6) Economic- broke after WWII, desperately poor Europeans, deficit spending


Because of political, economic and technological reasons, between 1945 and 1970, European colonies gained independence. Politically, nations concentrated on their own internal problems, like the Iron Curtain, rebuilding, and alliances, while economically, most nations were broke and exhausted from WWI & II. So couldn’t support the cost of having colonies. The new technological threat of nuclear weapons and satellites also made nations give their colonies independence because they were concentrated more on the internal and more localized threats and maybe they also didn’t want to support he cost of supporting colonies if the were bombed.


Thesis #2


Writers and artists in the Italian Renaissance portrayed the individual differently than those during the Romantic era in that during the Italian Renaissance were focused more on who the person was in personality; the real aspects while works during the Romantic era were focused more on states and the life around them (usually nobles were painted or were about in the Romantic era, while common people were painted/wrote on during the Italian Renaissance)