The Religious and Civil Wars Continued:

What’s War Good For?
Motivating People to Find a Good Government

How Should a Government Manage Its’ People?

Choice A: Total Freedom = Social Anarchy

• Often Called the State of Nature

• No one advocates this until the mid-1800s but many people lived in this environment all over Europe because of the total breakdown of law and political power during the Age of Religious and Civil War

Choice B: Divine Right Absolutism

• God Rules the World and appoints a King to be His Representative

• The King has Absolute Power over everyone in all ways and can do as He wishes because he is God’s representative

• Bossuet's “Work on Kingship”

• Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”

Choice C: Constitutionalism

• Rule by Law: Constitutionalism

• A Social Contract is the foundation for society

• The State creates a set of Laws that all must follow and the penalties are set by the state as well

• John Locke, Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson are advocates

• The Second Treatise of Government – Locke

• The Social Contract - Rousseau

Absolutists

• France:

• Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV

• England:

• James I, Charles I, James II, Charles II

• Russia:

• Peter the Great

Constitutionalists

• England:

• Parliament

• Puritans

• Oliver Cromwell

• Netherlands:

• Dutch Parliament

• Dutch Merchants

• William of Orange

Development of English Constitutionalism 1215-1689

• How and why did the English develop a Constitutional form of government rather than absolute monarchy?

Absolutism

• Monarch controls almost all political power

• Monarch is the government

• Monarch’s will = will of the nation

• Monarch is above laws

• Monarch’s powers more important than individual rights

Constitutionalism

• Monarch is subject to laws

• Government’s power limited, to some extent by the subjects rights

Big Picture Overview and Background

• England has a greater tradition of self rule than any other country except Switzerland

• 1215 – Magna Carta signed by King John gave nobles a few basic rights

• Common Law Tradition kept from middle ages

• War of the Roses gave English Parliament power because they confirmed Henry VII as king

• Henry VII and Tudors consolidate England in 1400 and 1500s

• Confusion over heir to Henry VIII strengthened Parliament more because they finalized the decision with a vote

• “Puritans” wanted to make the break with the Catholic church complete and major. They persecuted Catholics

• Henry VIII’s decision to sell the monasteries to the English nobility gave nobles power and they used it in Parliament

• Elizabeth died with no heir – Parliament decided that the Scottish Stuart family would rule

• Because of their inability to establish a clear line of succession the England Parliament gained power and influence

• The Stuart Kings did not understand these traditions and tried to ignore them and rule as Divine right monarchs

• This caused the English Civil War

• Parliament didn’t rule well so the Stuart Kings returned

• Parliament defeated the Kings again in a “Glorious Revolution” and England became a Constitutional Monarchy in 1689

King Edward VI: A young and weak king controlled by his advisors

His advisors are mostly Puritan Reformers and so the Protestant doctrines and practices opposed by Henry VIII are slowly introduced into the Anglican church.

1547--The Act of Six Articles is repealed.

1549--A complete vernacular Book of Common Prayer is issued to provide uniformity of service in the Anglican church, and its use is enforced by law.

1552--42 articles of Faith are adopted and England is Puritan

Confusion and Chaos

•     When Edward died and Mary Tudor was half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the succession crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the Pope hoped to bring England back to his authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.  When Edward VI died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would triumph.  Mary....  Elizabeth....  Mary of Scotland....  Jane Grey....  Which would become queen? 

Mary I: 1555-58

Mary's first act was to repeal the Protestant legislation of her brother, Edward VI, hurling England into a phase of severe religious persecution.

• Daughter of Catherine of Aragon

• Catholic

• Married Phillip II of Spain

• Restored Roman Catholicism as the state religion

• suffered through a terrible childhood of neglect, intolerance, and ill-health.

• She married Philip II of Spain in 1555, but was unable to produce a child.

Philip II: King of Spain

• Devoted to preserving Catholicism

• cold and indifferent to both Mary and her realm

• He coerced Mary to enter into war with France, resulting in defeat and the loss of the last English continental possession, Calais.

Elizabeth I

Protestant daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn.

• Returned Protestantism to England by popular request

Executed her Catholic half sister, Mary Queen of Scots to prevent her from becoming Queen

Politique – allowed people to believe what they wanted so long as they remained loyal to Queen and Country

English monarchs 1485-1702

House of Tudor

• Henry VII, Tudor (1485-1509)
Henry VIII (1509-47)
Edward VI (1547-53)
Lady Jane Grey (1553)
Mary I, Tudor (1553-58)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

• House of Stuart
James I (1603-25)
Charles I (1625-49)

• The Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell (1649-58)
Richard Cromwell (1658-59)

• House of Stuart, Restored
Charles II (1660-85)
James II (1685-88)

• House of Orange and Stuart
William III, Mary II (1689-1702)

Causes of the English Civil War: Tensions in the English Government

Parliament

• Power to approve any new taxes proposed by the king

• Parliament has two houses

– House of Commons elected – but few people could vote. Made up mostly of merchants, Puritans and others who thought Parliament should rule

– House of Lords – mostly loyal to the king and High Anglican

• Divine Right Monarchy = God put the king in charge and gave the king all power

• As you might expect, Divine Right Monarchs had trouble believing that Parliament could limit their spending

17th Century English Constitutionalism Caused by

• 1) lack of powerful monarch since Henry VIII

• 2) Parliament gains power over king by choosing and confirming the king or queen since Henry VIII

• 3) Parliament held the “power of the purse”; no taxes without Parliament consent

• 4) Kings inability to unite nobles

• 5) religious division between High Anglican nobles and Puritan merchants

• 6) brief taste of Divine Right Monarchy under Stuart kings led English to demand Constitutional Government

James I (1603-1625)

• First of the Stuart monarchs of England

• Firmly believed in the divine-right of kings to rule. Wrote “The Trew Law of Free Monarchy.”

• “There are no privileges and immunities which can stand against a divinely appointed king.” – James I

• Loved to redecorate his Palaces (built a big new Palace also)

• Loved to throw big parties

• Spent piles of $

• Parliament refused to fund his fun

• James passed custom’s duties and forced nobles to buy titles so the king could get $

• Parliament passed the Great Protestation

• Also ran foreign policy without Parliament’s consent (alliance with Spain)

In a related story…

• James commissioned the Joint Corporations that founded Jamestown and Plymouth colonies

• James commissioned the King James Bible

Charles I (1625-1649)

James’ successor

Same troubles as James with Parliament but bigger

• 1628 Charles forced to sign the Petition of Right to get $

• Charles signed, got his money approved and dissolved Parliament for 10 years.

• Absolutist rule for 11 years after he got his money in 1628

The Scots Invade

• (confused – here’s the scoop. Although Charles was king of Scotland, the Presbyterians in Scotland hated him as much as the Puritans hated Charles as King of England. They both agreed that Anglicanism had to be “Purified” so when Charles and Archbiship Laud forced them to use the Anglican Prayer book in their Calvinist Churches they revolted against their King starting a Religious and Civil War – just like on the continent)

Timeline of English Civil War

• 1639 – Charles I and Archbishop Laud require Presbyterians to use the Anglican Prayer book

• So the Presbyterians in Scotland threatened to invade in 1640

• 1640 – king called Short Parliament to get cash to fight the Scots– no money given by the Puritan controlled House of Commons

• Scotland invaded and captured the king! to gain release he agreed to pay Scotland 850 pounds a day

• 1640 to get the money the king recalled Parliament (Long Parliament) and asked for $ to pay Scotland;

• Parliament refused and impeached his minister Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud for requiring Presbyterians and to use Anglican Prayer Book and for favoring Divine Right

Charles I - 1625-1649

James I successor

• In 1625, Charles I became king of England.

Same troubles as James, but bigger

• Charles wanted to rule as an absolute monarch just as his father had.

• Due to a war with Scotland, Charles was forced to recall Parliament to raise taxes.

• Parliament insisted that Charles sign a Petition of Rights.

1628: Charles forced to sign the Petition of Rights to get money

Charles signed, got his money, approved and dissolved Parliament for 10 years

• Absolutist rule for 11 years after he got his money in 1628

• Charles did sign but dissolved the Parliament, (the Short Parliament).

• For 11 years, Charles ignored the Petition and ruled without Parliament.

The Scots Invade

-1639: Charles I was king of Scotland, the Presbyterians hate Charles because he was Anglican, so they invaded

English Civil War: 1642-1649

-Could the king go against the wishes of Parliament?

-Would they be Anglican or Presbyterian?

Economically

-Battle between nobles and merchant classes

War

-The king went north where his loyal nobles were

-Parliament took over the south and London

-Civil War began

Stage 1: Royalists win 1642-1644

Stage 2: Cromwell trains New World Army into Ironsides

Stage 3: Roundheads win 1644

Oliver Cromwell

-Gentleman from Huntington, led Parliamentary troops to victory

-1 of 5 men arrested by Charles I

-First with his cavalry

-Lieutenant Generalin command of New World Army

-Goes to Ireland in 1649

-Wanted to subdue Irish so they would not restore monarchy

-Roman Catholic land confiscated and given to Protestants

-2/3 of Ireland was controlled by English and Protestant landholders

-Defeats Scotland in 1650

-1654: Defeats Holland for Navigation Acts

-1656: Declares war on Spain

-Rules as leader of Commonwealth

-Defeats Charles I in English Civil War

-Cromwell declares England a republic, governed by Parliament

-Becomes absolutist dictator

-Commonwealth fails because of lack of power

Post-War: Prides Purge and Execution of Charles I

-1648: Prides Purge eliminates the Moderates from Parliament

-1649: Charles I found guilty of treason

-January 30, 1649: Charles I executed

-Other kings are angry and afraid

Protectorate

-1653: Cromwell takes troops to Parliament and forced all members to leave, thus dissolving Parliament

Foreign Opposition

-The death of the king provoked a violent reaction

-In Russia, the Czar imprisoned English Merchants

-Holland, Royalists privateers were allowed to refit

-English ambassador at the Hague and in Madrid were assassinated

-France was openly hostile to England

-September 3, 1658: Cromwell dies

-Restore monarchy, preserve constitutional system and invite Charles II to be king

The Restoration of The Stuart Family

-Charles II: 1660-1685

Mom was French and Catholic

Grew up in Louis XIV’s court

Restored Anglicanism as English State Church and labeled puritans “dissenters”

Many thought he would turn back to Catholicism

Military alliances with France in 1670

Puritan Parliament frustrated

James II

-Becomes king in 1685

-Catholic

-Issued Declaration of Indulgences granting freedom of worship to all denominations

-Created 30,000 standing army

The Glorious Revolution: 1689

-Parliament and Puritans did not want Catholic ruler

-Mary married King William

-Parliament invited William and Mary to rule if they signed The English Bill of Rights

-Mary dies in 1702

-William de-throned

-Queen Anne: 1702-1714

Had 22 children

Dutch Half-Century: 1600-1650

-Fish, Lumber, Ships, Calvinists, Corporations, The Indies, Freedom=Dutch Domination

-Declare independence from Spain in 1579

-Calvinist honesty

-Dutch geographic location: Atlantic Coast at the mouth of the Rhine River

-Dutch dominate because Spain, England, France and Italy all falling apart

Catalysts

-Everyone fighting for 39 years

-Dutch form most efficient banking system in Europe

-Infrastructure

-Dutch East India Trading Company

-First to experiment with Agricultural Revolution of crop rotation