The Enlightenment: A Second Renaissance

Enlighten: To give the light of fact or knowledge, free from ignorance, prejudice or superstition

18^th Century philosophical movement characterized by a reliance on reason and experience, rather than dogma and tradition. Emphasis on humanitarian political goals and social progress.

Renaissance Enlightenment

Politics

-New nation-states -Enlightenment despots

Philosophy

-Humanism and Individualism -Reason and Tolerance

Religion

-Protestants -Deism and Cult of Reason

Science

-Scientific Revolution -Agricultural Revolution and

Indudtrial Revolution

Exploration

-Discover New World -Discover the S. Pacific

Art

-Low and high Renaissance -Classical realism

Philosophes: French; meaning philosopher

-Sought to transform society to a freer, more rational state

1. John Locke

-Letter on Toleration: 1689

-2 Treaties of Government: 1696

-Some thoughts concerning education: 1693

-The Reasonableness of Christianity: 1695

People have a free will

People have rights, life, liberty, property

People have a duty to be good and educated

People have the rights to form governments and protect their rights

Education: Tabula Rosa=blank slate

Environment should be as good as possible, so people become as good as possible

2. Jean-Jaques Rousseau: 1712-1778

-Discourse on the arts and sciences: 1751

-Emile: 1762

-The Social Contract: 1762

3. Diderot

-Encyclopedia

4. Montesquie

-Spirit of the Laws

5. Thomas Hobbes

-Leviathan

6. Cesare Beccaria: 1783-1794

-On Crimes and Punishment: 1764

-We are too mean, we should fix rather than punish

7. Adam Smith

-Scottish Philosopher

-Causes of the Wealth of Nations: 1776

-laissez-faire

8. Immanuel Kant: 1724-1804

-“Dare to Know”

Government

-God: theocracy=Pope and John Calvin

-Divine Right Monarchy=Henry VIII, Julius I, Charles I, Philip II, Louis XIV

-Social Contract=Cromwell, William and Mary

-Enlightened Despot=Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Maria Teresa

-Seperation of Powers=Montesquie

-Society=Beccaria, Diderot

Voltaire

-Despises the Catholic Church for its superstititon

-Unreasonable and exploits people

-Loves freedom and progress

-Toleration

-CANDIDE

Mary Wollstonecraft: 1759-1797

-Vindication of the Rigths of Women

Wars of the 18^th Century

War of Polish Seccession

-Russia, Austria nd Prussia fight

-Russia wins and installs a Russian King that is loyal

-Austria and Prussia get parts of Poland

War for Jenkins Ear: 1739

-Sends France and England to war for 6 months

Diplomatic Revolution: 1740

-The Revolution is centered around Austria

-Austria gives up its dislike for the French and teams up with tehm to fight against its newest enemy; the Prussians

-The French stab Prussia in the back and align with Austria

-The Russians join whoever is winning

-The English continue to be against the French, which means they are now with the Prussians and against the Austrians

-France and Austria like each other

-France and Austria are afraid of Prussia

7 Years War: 1756-1763

-Great Britain, Hanover and Prussia vs. Frabce, Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony

-Spain and Portugal were later drawn into the conflict, while a force from the neutral Netherlands was attacked in India

Centers of Conflict

-European part was fought mostly in Prussia and Central Europe for control of Silesia and Prussia and is called the 3^rd Silesian War

-The North American phase of this conflict is known in the United States of America as the French and Indian War

-The war in India is generally ignored, but sometimes called the Carnatic War

-Silesia has iron ore

-Treatyof Hubertusburg: Prussia keeps Silesia and Austria gets nothing…huge victory for Frederick the Great

-Treaty of Paris: colonial possessions nearly all go to Great Britain