Across
- First known declaration of human rights; from early Persian ruler
- Heroic Greek battle (loss) that delayed Persian army under Xerxes in 480 BCE
- Social transformation from food-hunting/gathering to food-producing; occurs at different times in various places, but allowed for food surpluses that created the opportunity for other aspects of civilization to develope
- Body of water dividing Europe from Africa; contains numerous islands, peninsulas and minor seas; ultimately controlled by Roman empire from 130 BCE - 450 CE
- Darius' capital cit; home to scholars and libraries; destroyed by Alexander out of vengeance for Persian destruction of Athens
- Father of the Hebrew and Muslim nations according to scripture by his sons from two women
- Naval battle in the Persian Wars where smaller Greek navy destroyed much larger (size and number) Persian fleet
- Geographic feature - flat plain of alluvial soil at the mough of a large river v- The Nile has a large one covering about 100 miles
- Egyptian pharaoh who united Upper and Lower Egypt
- Shape of the land; the key aspect of civilization that helps define all aspects of culture in that region
- Wedge-shaped Sumerian writing - initially pictographic, developed into phonetic system
- Early post-neolithic revolution occupation; practiced by lorgest number of workers, created food surplus for community
- River around which the Eqgyptian civilization developed
- Characteristic of civilization that developed with agricultural need to track seasons and weather patterns
- Abraham's son by Hagar from who descended the Arab (ultimately Muslim) people
- Highest religious officials; probably created writing to record season and ceremonies for the gods
- Early civilization/city that was a source of the Hanging Gardens; based on early Sumerian culture
- These people formed the lowest level of society for almost all ancient cultures
- Persian emperor who you should definitely consider naming your first born child after, just for fun
- Old Testament Chaldean ruler of Babylon who built one of the 7 Wonders of the ancient world for his mountain-born wife; story of Daniel in the lion's den
- "Land between the rivers" and one of the earliest cradles of civilization
- Persian governors who administered regions within the Persian Empire; often chosen form leaders of those the Persians conquered
- Macedonian conqueror of Persian Empire 330 BCE. COntrolled all the world that he knew of and created Hellenistic culture by fusing ideas from Persia, India, Greece, and Egypt
- Abraham's son by Sarah from who descended the Hebrew people
- Incredibly important component of both individual and community life for most people; often dictates beliefs and behaviors and addresses universal questions
- Adolescent Egyptian pharoah who died young, but was discovered in the 20th century; his tomb held incredible treasures
- Persian emperors demanded loyalty and ____ (payment) form those they conquered; allowed great freedom to conquered peoples in return
- Religious/philosophical principle derived from early Hebrews - based on idea of morally correct behavior and one God; practiced by many religions today
- Conquered Asia minor in 2000 BCE with chariots and strong army; first culture to use iron to make weapons
- First known female ruler of Egypt 1473 BCE
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Down
- In 2370-2215 BCE the Akkadian king, _____, united all Mesopotamian cities as the first King of an Empire in recorded history
- Characteristic of civilization that developed with the need to record events for the future with more consistency, accuracy and permanence than the oral tradition allowed
- River around which the Indian civilization developed; many rivers feed the valley leading to violent and irregular flooding
- Persian innovation to facilitate trade and exchange by eliminating the need to barter for specific goods
- Belief in many gods; practiced by most early civilizations
- Brutal metal working civilization known for high taxes and harsh treatment of conquered peoples
- Engineering project requiring communal organization and leadership to make decisions; one of Menes greatest accomplishments was one of these.
- Cultural advancement resulting from the increased time made possible by food surpluses; workers could explore other tasks/interests to improve their lives
- Transportation and communication arterial of the Persian Empire from Susa to Sardis - later connected to Chinese Silk Road
- Eastern edge of this agricultural arc is the land at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- Most powerful Persian Emperor; responsible for first invasion of Greece in 490 BCE
- Greek city-state that took control of the Greek defenses in the 2nd Persian war with Xerxes 480 BCE
- Groups of people arranged hierarchically in society based on wealth, political power or social status; fewer in the higher ranks, many more in the lower groups
- Babylonian legal code that emphasized quid pro quo punishments for violations of the law - "eye for an eye" consequences
- Social classes in Indian society based on strict social hierarchy of Aryans: brahmins (priests) at top, slaves and untouchables at bottom
- Darius created this communication system for the Persian empire that allowed for the rapid transmission of letters and small packages across the empire in a matter of days
- Greatest Egyptian pharaoh, "the Builder"
- Egyptian Wonder of the World; engineering marvel without the use of the wheel
- Persian leader in 2nd Persian Wars (480 BCE) - Defeated at Slamis after razing Athens
- Last pharaoh of ancient Egypt; She was a lover of Roman leader Julius Caesar and married Marc Antony before committing suicide
- Aryan texts that become the foundation for Hindu religious scriptures
- Early Indian city-state - paired with Harappa in the same region (hyphenate)
- Tribes of hunter-gatherers who wander from place to place in search of food; some tribes still do this, even after the Neolithic Revolution
- Characteristic of civilization that developed from the need for people to work together to create communal projects like damns, canals and city walls
- Early Chinese culture from which the nation of China develops
- Another name for traders; usually part of a small middle class with little political power, but some social and economic influence
- Egyptian pharoah responsible for tranformation from polytheism to monotheism (which reduced the power of the priests); also moved Egyptian capital
- Athenian victory at this site caused Pheidippides to run back to Athens, cry "Nike!", and die
- Epic story of Sumerian hero/king who struggles in vain to achieve immortality
- River around which the Chinese civilization developed
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