Across
- the spread of ideas, customs, and technology from one people to another
- In Buddhism, the precepts that are the essence of the Buddha's teaching: that life is suffering, that desires cause suffering, that the annihilation of desires can relieve suffering, that the way to do this is by following the Eightfold Path
- He increased his power and territory by marrying Princess Kumaradevi, who controlled northern India, about 308 CE.
- Buddhism on steroids; its five Principles of Living emphasize asceticism (cheap living); Chandragupta Maurya starved himself to death practicing an extreme form of this religion
- Cool title of Hindu sacred text included in the Mahabharata
- Just before the year 500, took control of the Punjab. After 515, they absorbed the Kashmir, and they advanced into the Ganges Valley, the heart of India, raping, burning, massacring, blotting out entire cities and reducing fine buildings to rubble.
- The veneration of ancestors whose spirits are frequently held to possess the power to influence the affairs of the living. Local and Familial rituals and shrines are often used.
- Main capital of the Shang Dynasty. A palace and temple was at the center of the city, public buildings & homes of government officials circled the royal sanctuary; outside city center was workshops & other homes.
- A way of government that used formal processes, standardization, hierarchic procedures, and written communication for governments. Often involve paperwork. Generally Confucian scholars in China.
- Chinese philosopher who is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism. The Dao De Jing is attributed to him.
- A Chinese classic text. According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BCE by the Taoist sage Laozi (or Lao Tzu, "Old Master"), a record-keeper at the Zhou Dynasty court, by whose name the text is known in China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated. The Way of Virtue; Stresses self concealment and modesty
- the individual self, known after enlightenment to be identical with Brahman
- Mathematical concept discovered by Gupta mathematicians (and the Mayans in the New World) useful in counting (or NOT counting . . ;)
- India's rigid social system in which all members of that society are assigned by birth to specific ranks and inherit specific roles and privileges
- an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the creative destroyer; featured in Indiana Jones and Temple of Doom; this avatar of Brahman is responsible for change
- Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes came between c. 3500 BCE and greatly affected Indian society, Horses and advanced weapons give them advantages over the Indus Valley peoples, Brought religious beliefs like Hindu, reincarnation and caste system
- Created during the Han Dynasty using Confucian scholars. A system where people are hired through competitive examinations to enter the bureaucracy at local, regional and national levels.
- a river in India that flows into the Bay of Bengal; in Hinduism, it is known as a sacred river
- religious structures that originally housed Buddha relics. They developed into familiar Buddhist architecture. Many built by Ashoka
- Philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. Stresses unity in the universe and in humanity - "way" or "path"
- the name of the group of people in the caste system that were the outcasts of society; were not considered a part of Indian society or the caste system, also called pariahs
- person who moves from place to place in search of food and shelter
- sparse, dry grasslands in central Asia. Tribal people there often roam into civilizations and take riches. Huns and Mongols are examples of people from this area.
- Absolutely critical to progress for any cultural group; rulers interested in the long-term success of their peoples always invest resources in this system
- The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
- Within Confucianism: Sovereign to subject; Parent to child ; Husband to wife; Elder to younger sibling ; Friend to friend
- The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth
- Chinese Peace
- Individual obligation with respect to caste, social custom, civil law, and sacred law
- The Hindu and Buddhist belief of the extinction of desire and individual consciousness, also spiritual enlightenment
- "Big vehicle" Buddhism practiced by Dalai Lama; claims that all humanity can achieve enlightenment now if we all follow the 8-fold path
- first to unify India, started by Chandragupta and dominated by Ashoka. Geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India
- Cotton, ivory, jewels, spices, Buddhism and textiles are all examples of _____ _____
- a city in the Indus Valley civilization that is located on the Indus River
- The rise and fall of dynasties
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Down
- "Small vehicle" Buddhism that argues only a select few from any generation are capable of achieving nirvana during this lifetime (usually from highest social levels)
- Hindu and Buddhist principle that describes the goal of life as union with Brahman
- the common religion of India, based upon the religion of the original Aryan settlers as expounded and evolved in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad-Gita, etc., having an extremely diversified character with many schools of philosophy and theology, many popular cults, and a large pantheon symbolizing the many attributes of a single god
- Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.; the founder of Confucianism. His teachings have come down to us as a collection of short sayings.
- the belief that the soul, upon death of the body, comes back to earth in another body or form
- Hindu and Buddhist priciple of non-violence and respect for all life
- The son of Chandra, he launched wars of conquest and expanded the Gupta Empire in the late 300s CE
- A system of fortified walls with a roadway along the top, constructed as a defense for China against the nomads of the regions that are now Mongolia and Manchuria: completed in the 3rd century b.c., but later repeatedly modified and rebuilt. 2000 mi. (3220 km) long.
- metaphysical commentaries on the Vedas that are considered sacred texts in the Hindu religion
- Politically correct acronym for times before the year 1.
- Only land route between middle east and India for trade and invasion
- Enlightened soul who postpones nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment
- Anno Domini abbreviation - translates as "In the year of our Lord" - No longer the politically correct ancient date annotation
- Ancient culture belief that spirits inhabit everything;the world is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams; practiced during the Shang Dynasty
- Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism, peaceful, increased trade, Great art and science accomplishments
- Paleolithic dates from 2 million BC to 10,000 BC (the first tool makers)
- Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; made by Gao Zu and later ruled by Wudi - poetry/literature/landscape painting flourished - Appointed Confucianism and ditched Legalism
- Important mathematical number calculated by Gupta mathematicians; especially useful when working with circles
- A system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other forms of support to the ruler. Popular during the Chou period.
- the eight pursuits of one seeking enlightenment, comprising right understanding, motives, speech, action, means of livelihood, effort, intellectual activity, and contemplation
- Politically correct acronym for times since the birth of Christ
- Cave paintings at Ajanta and the Udaygiri Varaha Cave have given historians and artistis insights into this subject
- 1st dynasty to be dated from written records / ruled China 1700 BC - 1000 BC 1. written script 2. metal casting skills: produced some of the finest bronze objects ever made: daggers, figures, urns, ceremonial cauldrons 3. carved fine ivory & jade statues 4. wove silk 5. made pottery from kaolin, a fine white clay
- a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced
- 1122-256 BC - Second Chinese dynasty - Known for the rise of Daoism, Confucianism and legalism as well as the 100 Schools of Thought.
- Another Gupta math invention used in libraries and the metric system; much easier than the Sumerian system based on the number 6.
- River more than 2,900 miles long: from north highlands to Yellow Sea. As it flows downstream river picks up loess (rich yellow soil) and deposits it downstream, that's where it gets its name, These silt deposits made North China Plain a rich agricultural area. another name is "the Great Sorrow" because of the tragedy caused by its floods.
- Hindu preserver god featured in the Mahabharata
- Ashoka ordered these built around India to spread the teachings and ideals of Buddhism
- Acupuncture, paper (and printing), gunpowder, seismograph, sundial, water clock, and the process of dying cloth and glazing pottery.
- a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity. No social movement is allowed
- Founder of the Ch’in dynasty, was a violent and brutal man; built section of Great Wall and a terra cotta army to guard his tomb
- Easily recognized Taoist symbol of the interplay of forces in the universe. In Chinese philosophy, they represent the two primal cosmic forces in the universe. One is the receptive, passive, cold female force. The other is masculine- force, movement, heat
- the impersonal supreme being, the primal source and ultimate goal of all beings, with which Atman, when enlightened, knows itself to be identical
- historical founder of Buddhism who achieved enlightenment of the meaning of life while sitting under a tree and later preached his conclusions that came to be known as Buddhism
- A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. Chinese believed that their rulers governed according to a universal rule. If there were poor crops or losses in battle, the ruler lost his right to rule and Heaven allowed someone else to start a new dynasty.
- What the Chinese call their homeland
- an Indo-European language that was the language of the Vedas
- Greatest Confucian virtue - Love and respect to ones parents/ancestors
- Trade route through central Asia from China to the Middle East. Called this due to China's most important export. Expands to greatest length during the Han
- sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests
- Philosophy that all issues should be compared to law and what is legal to keep society in order. Assumes people are bad and required tight control.
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