Shifting Society
I. Demographics
-1860à 33 states in the union
- 1820à ½ industrial workers are ten years old
- 1820à 50% of export is cotton
*Immigration
-1830- 1060
-
Irish flood into
potato famine
-2 million
starved and 2 millions migrated to
- forced discrimination because they were Catholics
-Natives vs. Irish / Blacks vs. Irish
-
Irish settle in
- Settlers are poor
-over time, Irish join power structure
-lots of settlers
- lots of votes
-German Immigrants
- 1.5 million or so
-
Settle in
-against slavery (settle in North)
-immigration à nativism: “anti- foreigners”
II. Technology
-Agricultural Revolution
- 8,000 B.C. – man learned how to farm
- Industrial Revolution
-1800
A.D.- begins in
and
-Mass production of interchangeable parts
- textile factory (clothes) and steam engine
-Eli Whitney invents cotton gin- 1783
-clean cotton 5x faster
- cotton becomes more valuable
-need more land and more slaves
-Transportation
-Canastoga Wagon
-settlers à west
-
-all water route to
- Railroads:
-1828 (First Railroad)
-1854
(East Coast to
-1869 (First transcontinental
- cheaper and better than canals
III. Social Trends
-Second Great Awakening
-Free Masons
- secret society
- founding fathers
- primarily Baptists and Methodists
- Church of Later Day Saints - Mormons
- Joseph Smith – founder
- believed in Polygamy – more than one wife.
- Joseph Smith was violently murdered by a mob
- 1846 Brigham Young leads Mormons to
-Reform movements
-“why does God want black slaves and women to have no rights?”
- slavery bad
- women votes
- Cult of domesticity
- Backlash against social reform
- truly good woman is the housewife
- Jody Geoeys look – 1830.
- Temperance movement
- alcohol is bad
- bans alcohol 100 years later.
- public education
IV. The Arts
-
- Legend of Sleepy Hollow
- Rip Van Winkle
- James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851
- Last of the Mohicans
- Transcendentalism
- American knock off of Daoism
- Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882
- Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862.
Chapter 17 “Peculiar Institution”
I. Statistics
- 80% British Cotton
–
- 1850-1733 families owned over 100 slaves
- 4 million slaves 1860
- 75% southerners owned no slaves!
- 500,000 free blacks on 1860 distributed in North and South.
II. King Cotton
- until cotton gin slavery is dying out
- cotton kills soil
- farmers needed more land to grow cotton
- move west
Mexican war was fought mostly by southerners because of the new move westward/Mexico.
III. The “3 Souths”
A. Northern
-
-
-
-
-22% of the people in these states wanted to join the Confederacy but it wasn’t economically safe.
- 17% were black.
- at least half of the industry came from the four states
B. Middle South
-
- N.
-
-
-36% owned slaves/8 slaves per family
-30% were black
- stayed loyal to the union until after the fighting began.
C. South… “deep south”
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-43% owned – 12 slaves/family
-47% were black
D. The Farther north you go, the more loyal to the union.
- Less agriculture
- North is industry/ South is farmers
- deep
south was hard core against
- first to succeed group
III. Slavery and Society
-Chivalry – code of behavior for knights in middle ages.
- Very similar to Southern belief
- strong protect the weak
- slave owners “protected” them – shelter, food, work.
-Honor – another strong belief by southerners
- if dishonored, they would fight to the death
- There were a series of slave rebellion
- didn’t do much good
- Nat Farmer 1831
- initially a successful rebellion.
- leads 100 blacks on rebellion, killing mainly women and children (60 of them)
- whites were now paranoid.
V. Abolitionism
- Slavery is wrong and needs to be done away with
- didn’t want to compromise (north_
- Gets a lot of _ from the 2nd great awakening
-William Lloyd Garrison – 1831
-Newspaper publisher – “The Liberator”
- to get rid of slavery
*same time as Nat Turner incident.
- Frederick Douglas
-19th century Martin Luther King
-Poster child for abolitionism
- Very educated; well off citizen
- free man
Chapter 18 – Manifest Destiny
I.
-not really a whiz
but ran with
-democrat but hates
-
-No one likes him/not important presidency
- clay proposes a third bank
- Tyler (democrat) vetos it.
-
-they kick him out
-minor arguments with
-Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842
II. “God Wills It!”
-Manifest Destiny – God wants American to expand (west)
- nationalism, religious duty, greed (especially among southerners)
III. James Polk: “young
“Jealous Leader of
-Doubled
*44 Election
- clay’s third time running – for whigs
- Polk runs for the democrats
- Polk 170 electoral
- Clay – 105 electoral
*4 points
- Polk has 4 Points
1. Lower tariffs (49%-25%)
2. Regulate the federal treasury – settles national swbt.
3. Wants
4. Settle
- 54’ 40” or fight
- 49th parallel is what he settles on
- 1846 –
*Mexican War
-
-
-
-
Polk orders troops to build a fort on own border
Minor bloodshed
Polk
declares war base on the lie he told Congress (mainly to gain
Mexican War- 1846- 1848
Unpopular in Northeast
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- 1848
We gain:
Afterwards,
1852- book called “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harriet Beecher Stowe comes out
Within 10 years, 2 million copies are sold
Paints negative picture of slavery
Very big deal for people in 1850’s
Chapter 19-- Road to Civil War
I. Mexican Session
1848: in
the area around
Almost
over night
Easterners, South Americans, Chinese
1848- 14,000 people live in San Fran
1850- 100,200
Some become really rich- merchants, bar owners. Whores
Large Population
Government could now tax people who live there
Was going to become a N / S state
Problem arose due to Missouri Compromise: no slave state to enter the
II. Compromise of 1850
Last stand of the Old Guard from early Republic
Clay Calhoun
Webster
The Compromise:
South gets Fugitive Slave Law:
Runaway slaves must be returned back to owner
Underground Railroad
This made slavery more apparent and in the face of the northerners- they
couldn’t ignore it
Many Northerners denied the Fugitive Slave Law
III. Election of 1852
After Polk were Taylor (1848) and Pierce (1852)
Pierces wins in 1852
End of Whig Party
Under
Pierce’s presidency,
IV. Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854- (Missouri Compromise is dead) Stephen Douglass creates the idea of
“Popular Sovereignty”- people rule
Douglass is a leading voice in the Senate
People decide whether new states are either slave or free
People
from both North and South move to the upcoming state of
to win it over
Creates a small civil war
Breakdown of the Republic
I. Bleeding
The
collision of North and South in
government in
Senator Sumner rips on South
Senator Brooks walks up to Sumner and hurts hits him in the face w/ hit come in
the Senate House
Brooks resigned from Senate- returns to South and though of as a hero
Bleeding
II. Republican Party
New party makes the scene in 1856
Republicans
run
Democrats run Buchanan
American Party *- know “nothings”
Knew nothing but that they were Americans
Buchanan- 170 votes
III. Dred Scott Case
Slave: 1856-1857- Supreme Court
Can
a black man be a slave in a
Chief Justice Taney decides:
Blacks aren’t citizens
Since black are no considered citizens, Scott has no right to sue
Since slaves are property, the gov’t can’t take them w/out due process
A
slave remains a slave even if they’re in a
IV. Lincoln vs.
1858- Illinois Senate race between Lincoln (Rep) and Douglas (Dem)
Whole country hears about this
V. John Brown
Wild abolitionist fanatic “Osama Bin Laden of abolitionism”
Wants to seize an arsenal in Harper’s Ferry
Give weapons to Blacks
War against slave owners
Robert E. Lee- command at Harper’s Ferry
Stops John Brown- hangs him after quick trial
To South he’s a (butthead)- creates bad feeling among Southerners
To North he’s a martyr
VI. Election of 1860
The most divisive election ever
Four candidates
Breckinridge- S. Democrats Douglas- N. Democrats
Becomes president
Legislative
of
Since then
6 other states leave
Create
Confederate States of
Civil War- Tale of the Tape
I. Lincoln (the man!!!)
A. Biography
Comes from nothing
Born
in 1809 in horrible conditions in
Both parents were illiterate- dad is a drunken hunter
At
age 7 they move to
Mom died when he was 9
At age 15 he begins to learn how to read and write
Had about as rough a life as a slave
Had one year of formal teaching-taught himself – loved to learn
When he becomes president in 1860 he hadn’t been successful in anything
Married Marry Todd- didn’t work out well; she was bipolar
B. Politics
Everyone in his cabinet thought they should be president
Seward and Chase “knew” that they were better suited to be pres
In 1860 as soon as he’s elected the Southern most state seceded
Plan wasn’t to abolish slavery but to simply contain it
Also
to protect the
II.
No one is killed
After For Sumter the mid-Southern states secede
North is
now pissed (has a
III. Balance Sheet
A. Southern advantages:
Home-field advantage: don’t have to invade
War officers are greater
Lee Stonewall Jackson
More experience with guns and horses
Cotton
B. Disadvantages
Smaller population
Most are black
Never industrialized
Not much food
No real money
Had political leadership
Jefferson Davis is a bad pres.
C. Northern advantages
Northern wheat
Railroads
D. Disadvantages:
Terrible military leadership
George McClellan sucks
IV. Foreign Affairs
Will
V. Gums and Butter
In opening days of the war, everyone wanted their shot at glory
Later in the war they have to turn to drafting