American Crusade

I. “Over There”

A. Causes of War

Germany was made up of multiple provinces- not united

1700’s: Prussia begins to gain power- conquer German neighbors

1800’s: Germany is very well developed in the Iindustrial Revolution-

they become united

1870-71: Franco- Prussian War

Bismark “von Chancellor”-- 1860-1890: work for Kaiser

Wilhelm

Once Wilhelm dies, Wilhelm II takes over and fires Bismarck

The emergence of Germany brings together England and France

The Isms

1. Imperialism- the world is open for conquering

2. Militarism- The idea that war is good

“Dreadnought”- big boats- whoever has the most are best

England and U.S. lead this

Fully automatic guns are standard issue

Airplanes are now used in war

3. Nationalism- patriotism gone bad

Alliance system

System between great powers- if one gets attacked

than the others will defend it

Entente- Britain, France, Russia

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turks,

Italy

-Italy switches sides in 1915

-Russia left and U.S. joined in 1917

B. Courses

The Powder Keg of Europe- The Baltic’s

Baltic’s are controlled by Ottoman Turks

Turks begin to lose power and “Serbs” come up to take control

Both Austria and Russia want the Baltic Territory

1914- Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austria goes to the Baltic’s

Terrorist group of Serbs called the Black Hand kill the Arch Duke

Russia, being Slavic like the Serbs, defend them against Austria-

Hungary and the alliances take affect—war begins

Battle of Marne- 1914

Germany was going to take France but they got stopped in

Marne—this becomes the Western Front

Battle of Somme

Britain gets slaughtered by Germans

Battle of Verdun

II. Neutrality

Largest group of Americans are German-Americans

2^nd largest group are Irish

England was a Democracy

We spoke English

England was the “Mother” country

“unrestricted submarine Warfare”

U-boat

Germans are smoking any ship around England

Unfortunately most ships were American

Lusitania 1915—passenger liner suspected of transporting weapons-

Germany sinks ship

Made America go against Germany

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram from Germany to Mexico to attack the U.S> in return for food

Really pissed the U.S. off towards Germany

The Perfect Panic

I. Times A Changin’

A lot of stuff ___________ in 1800’s are now becoming true in 1920’s

Cars

Ford pays workers $5/ day and lowers the price of his product just to

where he can make a profit

Motels- Motor hatch

Airplane

Charles Lindenburg flew across the Atlantic- 1927

Bobby ______ came up with the idea to use planes in Navy

Became aircraft carriers

Radio- first radio feed was in 1920 for the 1920 election

Movies- 1915 “Birth of the Nation”

1927- first movie w/ sound “The Jazz Singer”

II. Society

Isolation after WWI

Mindset in America/ Roaring 20’s—sorrow everywhere else, so let’s have fun!!

Sigmund Froyd- “civilization” and it’s discontents”

Everyone should have sex

Result: Sexual Revolution in the 1920’s

Women start dressing like whores

The Jazz Age—“Negro Music”

Literature

Hemingway Faulkner

Fitzgerald E.E. Cunnings

T.S. Eliot Robert Frost

III. Politics

1920- the old G____ wanted to return to “______”

March Man- Harding becomes pres.

Harding presidency is very corrupt

Tea Pot Dome scandal- Albert Fall- secretary of interior

Harding dies in 1923

Calvin Coolidge becomes pres.- “The business of government is business”

A time of dumb peace accords

Kellogg B_____ a _____ to end all war

IV. BOOM

Economy goes nuts

The earlier ____ inventions

WWI

Stock Market

People were borrowing $ from banks to buy stocks

V. BUST

October 29, 1929—Black Tuesday

Everyone begins to sell their stock

The economy sinks, and banks begin to collect on their debts

The New Deal

I. Shock and Awe

A. In reference to the Depression—1929- 1932

22% of U.S. banks failed- approx. 20% of pop. are screwed

50,000 businesses failed

Unemployment=33%

Total wages down 41%

GNP 1929à 104 billion

1933à 56 billion

*Many changes made to government to prevent these

B. Hoover presidency- He got screwed—elected in 1928

Hoover was Laissez-Faire during his presidency

Wanted to let the cycle take care of itself

Eventually he did something—Hoover damn- gave people jobs

He did other weak attempts to save economy as well

1931- Japan invades Manchuria, China

League of Nations in p.o.ed

Japan says F-you in your home

Bonus army- troops who went across seas to fight and were promised a

home for their work. Once depression happened the troops wanted to

collect their bonuses

14000 troops camp around the White House united government/ Hoover

sent out their troops to disperse them

II. FDR

A. A complicated man

From an aristocratic family—distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt .

Was a Naval man

A conservative democrat

Married Teddy’s niece

1921- confined to a wheelchair due to polio

Only president to have such a physical disability

The only man who ever has/ will serve more than two terms

1932—election was severe butt-whooping

Hoover- 59 electoral votes

FDR- 472

III. “Do Something”

Begins to help the economy

“We have nothing to fear but fear itself”

His first 100 days he began to create tons of laws to help the economy

Bank Reform

FDR declares a bank Holiday- first week of March

Gives banks a week to get things in order

He cuts the Connection between gold and American dollar

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Creates Federal deposit incorporation: FDIC

à If a bank goes under, the federal gov’t will reimburse the people

S.E.C.- regulates both stock and exchange

Employment

________ Conservation Corps

Gives 3 million young men under 24 working in the woods

An attempt to stop a rebellion

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

A premature form of welfare- if someone has no job the state will give

them money- “The D____”

Not many people liked this

Civilian works administration

Like the CCC but in _______ among all ages

Public Works Administration

Works progress administration

Draft towards War

I. Coda: FDR and New Deal

A. Tennessee valley Authority

-Government owned/ operated that built homes and hydro-electric power plants.

-Puts people to work

-Gov’t owns the electricity, the power, water, etc.

-Somewhat socialist- “Creeping Socialism”

B. Social Security Act 1935

-Gov’t funded retirement account

-Every paycheck the gov’t takes a percentage

C. Anti-New Deal forces

-American Liberty league

-Father Charlie Coughlin-traditionalist , widespread radio personality

D. 1936 Election

-Roosevelt wins

-Roosevelt brings together in voting power: blacks, labor unions, big city political machines, urbanites, intellectuals

-Through his “New Deal” he got the vote of blacks etc, and maintained the vote of the south.

- Court Packing Scheme

-Judiciary Act of 1937

-Any Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70 must retire

-Is immediately dropped

E. New Deal: Pros and Cons

CONS

-Changed gov’t fundamentally

-Didn’t get rid of the Depression

-Deficit spending-42 billion dollars in 1939

-Somewhat socialist

-“Nanny State” made everyone dependent upon the gov’t

PROS

-“Safety Net”

-Economy didn’t collapse

-There wasn’t a revolution

-Made the Depression better than it was

II. League of the Lame

-America never joins

-Many treaties are negotiated but none are enforceable

-League has no power or military

-League fouled because France and Britain were wimps

-A movie came out- “Things to Come”

III. Rogue’s Gallery

- Benito Mussolini- “Il Duce”-ITALY

-Fascist Party-Totalitarian Dictatorship

- Hirohito- “God-like” Japan

o Has pet dictator Jojer-pretty much leader of the country

- Hitler- GERMANY

o Becomes leader of Nazi party

o Starts revolution in 1923

o While in jail he writes “Mein Kampf” (“My Struggle”)

-His plan for Germany

-HIS GOALS FOR GERMANY

-Reverse the Depression

-Make a military

-Get rid of the Jews

-Reunite all German-speaking Europeans

- In 1933 he becomes dictator of Germany

THE WAR TO END WAR- PART 2

I. Appeasement and Neutrality

- Italian-Ethiopian War- 1934

o Italy, under Mussolini, invades Ethiopia

§ Shows once again that the League of Nations is useless

§ Many people now think that Italy is powerful

- Hitler puts troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone- 1936

o France did nothing even though they could have stopped him

- Hitler pulls out of Treaty of Versailles- 1937

- Anschluss- To Annex- Hitler marches troops into Austria and Austria doesn’t really care- 1938

o Sudetenland – Czechoslovakia- Consists of about 3 million Geramns so Hitler wants the Sudetenland back

§ France and Britain decide that Czech. Should surrender to Hitler as long as Hitler promises not to invade any more lands.

- Josef Stalin and Hitler issue the Non-Aggression Act-1939

o Will not fight each other

o Sept. 1, 1939- Germany and Russia invade Poland

o France and England are fed up with Hitler’s crap and war begins

o Blitzkrieg- “Lightning War”- 23 days until Poland is taken; uses tanks and dive bombers

II. Onslaught

-Blitzkrieg

-8 months after both sides do nothing- re-arm

-Finally Hitler begins to invade France

- France had the Maginot Line- Supreme French defense for WWI

- Germany just goes around the Maginot Line

- Miracle of Dunkirk- Bunch of English boats cross the Channel and many troops were able to flee.

- In 6 weeks France was taken.

- Hitler now has conquered just about all of Europe except for Russia and England

- He didn’t want to attack England because he knew that they had the best fleets- similar to Napoleon

-1939- Battle of Britain

- Bombardment of Britain mainly to destroy London

- Churchill sends some bombers to Belgium

- Really pisses off Hitler

- American Politics at this time

o FDR runs against Welman Walkey

o Walkey accuses FDR of being a war monger

HELL’S BATTLEFIELD

I. Home Front

A. Stats

- U.S. Military- 16 million

- Tax Returns: 1939-4 million; 1945-50 million people file for tax returns

- Nat’l Debt: 1941-49 billion; 1945-259 billion

B. Isolation

-America is still in full force

-Sept. 7, 1941- PEARL HARBOR- United the Country

-O.W.M.- Gov’ts response to the war

-W.P.M.- War Production Board- factories began to shift from civilian products to war products

- Certain foodstuffs were saved for soldiers

-1942-1945- Hardly any cars manufactured

-Science becomes more involved- the atom bomb

-Southern blacks flee north

-Race riots common

-West coast becomes heavily industrialized for war

-Southwest somewhat replaces the Northwest

-Japanese-American Internment

-Japanese-Americans were rounded up-mainly on West Coast- and sent to internment camps in Mojave desert

-Almost 110,000 Japanese in the camps

II. European Theatre of War

- Even though Japan bombed U.S., America saw Germany as major threat

- Atlantic Charter/Treaty-Between USA and BRITAIN- Basis for U.N.

- America was mainly fighting Germany but fought Japan left-handed

- 1941-Hitler broke his pact with the Soviet Union and tries to invade Russia

- Spring of 1941- Hitler invades Russia and gets pretty far

- 1942- 3 Main Events

o We take Control of the Atlantic- take out Germany’s U-Boats

o In N. Africa- El Alamein- Rommel “Desert Fox” vs. Montgomery

§ Monty wins-last battle won by Brits w/o American help

- Stalingrad- Russia vs. Germany- lasts for 9 months

o Soviet Union lost about 3 million men

o Germany’s supply lines are cut-left with nothing; they surrender

- After 1942 the war turns and the Allies regain control

- 1943- Montgomery and Patton invade Italy itself

- 1944, June 6- D-Day- About 6,000 Americans dead

- 1944-1945- Battle of the Bulge- pretty much the end of the war

- 1945- May 8; VE DAY

II. Pacific Theatre

• Island Hopping
• Leap from island to island cutting their supply lines

-1942- Midway- 4 Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed; big victory

- Iwo Jima and Guadalcanal- 2 major battles

-1944- Okinawa- Japan used Kamikaze pilots

-America fears the loyalty and fierceness of Japan

-August 6, 1945- Atom Bomb dropped by USA on Hiroshima; about 80,000 die

-August 9, 1945- Atom Bomb dropped by USA on Nagasaki; about 60,000 die

- August 14, 1945- VJ DAY

THE 50’S

I. McCarthyism

-Communism – Soviets wanted to take over the world w/communism

-Smith Act – 1940? – Made it illegal to attempt to overthrow the gov’t or join a group to attempt to overthrow gov’t

-Unconstitutional

-Jailed American communists

-HUAC – House of Un-American Activities Committee – 1947

-Alger Hiss – state department official – accused by Richard Nixon of being a communist spy

-Spends 5 yrs in jail for perjury

-Made Nixon of big deal person

-Period of hysteria

-People had to take loyalty pledges – teachers, gov’t officials, etc

-Couldn’t own socialist books (gov’t officials)

-Couldn’t see foreign films (gov’t officials)

-McCarthy comes up w/a list of Commies in America

-He held a lot of hearings accusing (falsely) many people of being communist

-Accuses – the U.S. Army of being full of communists – oversteps his limit – he gets shut down in 70 to question vote by congress

-The red scare mellows out, but is not gone

-Things that keep the Red Scare alive

-The Rosenberg’s – give atomic bomb technology to Soviets

-Sputnik – first satellite in space

II. Truman Presidency

-Democrat – FDR Vice President

-The Fair Deal

-Put in concrete all the things that Roosevelt did w/the new deal

-Keeps the parts that are good

-1948 – The democratic party splits

-1948 election - Three democrats:

-Wallace (progressive democrats)

-Truman (real democrat)

- Thurmond (democrats)

-Republicans run Dewey

-Everyone thought that Dewey would win due to the democratic split

III. Eisenhower Era

-“Baby Boom” 45-61.5 million babies born

-U.S. became 41% wealthy, 6% population

-Europe was destroyed & we weren’t (we rebuild Europe & get rich)

-The G.I. bill: government program that pays college tuition for veterans

-Almost all were white

-When white soldiers returned they moved to suburbs

-Many new communities are created around the automobile

-So much more to buy (T.V.)

-There is a shift in political power: southern politicians become presidents (South sunbelt; north sunbelt)

- Brown vs. Board of Ed. (1954)

-Black girls are not allowed in elementary school-argued by Marshall

- Blacks win, separate & not equal