Colonization

III. Race for Colonies

            A. 4 Major Countries in the Race for Colonies

                        1. Portugal

                        2. Spain

                        3. France

                        4. England

 

-         Portugal- ruled by Prince Henry the Navigator, quite an advance in sailing technology, they were first to land in the Americas (Brazil)

-         France- treated the Indians best

-         England- The last country to get involved in the colonial race. They came specifically to colonize

 

IV. Religion

 

            In 1517 Martin Luther committed an act on Hierarchy. He denied the Catholic Church and started the Protestant religion due to the corruption of the Catholic church. His church was the Lutheran church. Henry VIII followed Martin Luther’s idea and pointed from the pope and started the Church of England.

 

            ***Part of the reason people came to America was for religious freedom***

 

English America

 

I. Geography

            A. 2 main mountain ranges: the Rockies and the Appalachians

            B. The Appalachians created a great border for the colonies

 

II. First Colonies

            A. 1607, Jamestown, first successful colony founded by English

o       The purpose was to make money it was a business venture

o       The early settlers didn’t have a clue how to survive in this area (people ate each other)

o       John Smith creates the rule “don’t work, don’t eat”

o       Indians trusted the English only for trade

o       They discover tobacco which made Jamestown essentially survive

o       Cash crops: cotton, indigo, rice

o       The south depends on them for their existence

o       1620 a Dutch ship arrives with 20 black slaves, indentured servants

 

        B. Plymouth, 2nd main colony

o       Pilgrims were very anti-catholic

o       The first schools were in Rhode Island

o       Started Salem witch trials

o       First Thanksgiving was in 1621

 

       C. Massachusetts Bay colony- 1630

o       Doesn’t have a starting time

o       Founded the city of Boston, became major support

o       Boston will become on of the leading colonies in America

 

III. Plymouth- 1620

o       Pilgrims: Puritanism… off shoot of C of E

o       Americans feel conquest was religion

o       Pilgrims were starving- first Thanksgiving 1621

o       First schools were in Rhode Island

 

IV. Massachusetts Bay Colony- 1630

  1. Boston became a major sea port

 

        *** Boston will become a leading city in the New World***

 

V. Stuart Kings

 

James I (1603-1625)

Charles I (1625- 1642)

Cromwell  (1648-1658)

Charles II (1660- 1685)

James II (1685- 1688)

 

 

17th Century

 

I. Troubles in England and America

            A. Elizabeth died with no children…

            B. …So parliament gives rule to James I

                        - James is cool with Parliament

                        - Charles is a duck (his son)

                                    - Wants absolute monarchy

                                    - Rules like Bloody Mary- enforces Catholicism

-1642 English Civil War

                                    - Royalist                      -Protestant

                                    -Cavaliers                     - Parliament

                                    -Catholic

                        - Charles I is beheaded

                        - Cromwell takes rule, becomes “Lord Protector”

                                    - military dictator

                        - Cromwell dies in Ireland

                                    - his son is a bad dictator

                        - Parliament brings back Charles II for king

 

            1. Absolute Monarchy is dead

            2. During Civil War- America was temporarily independent

                        - James I is dumb: related to Charles II

                                    - wants absolute power

-Glorious revolution: James II was dethroned with out violence

- Parliament asked William and Mary to come to England and be King and Queen

          

            3. Under Mary and William’s rule, parliament actually rules England

                        - pass English Bill of Rights

                        - monarchy à constitutional monarchy

            4. Religions tolerance

                        -separation of church and state

            5. 1689-1763: “Salutary Neglect”

                        - England just wants money from New Colonies

 

II. The Regions

-New England “Northern Colonies

                        - Maine

                        - New Hampshire

                        - Connecticut

                        - Rhode Island

 

***All of these states depend on sea related activities: fishing, shop build, etc. Puritanism was main religion***

 

                -Middle Colonies

                        -New York

                        -Pennsylvania

                        -New Jersey

 

***These states are also dependant sea, farming, and were conquered by English Colonies***

 

àHalf fisheries/half farmers

àDutch wedge

àLand is good for wheat/rye

àNo plantations, smallsubsistence farms

àNo economic seed for slavery

 

-Landed Aristocracy- Southern Colonies

            -the grandsons of original plantation owners see themselves as American

III. Slavery

-         most slaves came from North Western Africa

-         30%-40% of Africans died on the way to Americas

-         Slavery & Southern economy are one

-         African Americans influenced music

-     many were used for entertainment

 

IV. Waning of Puritanism (like the moon)

-         1640-1670’s Puritanism’s is top priority

-         Government and land ownership

-         The Quakers were opposite of Puritanism.

o       Strong religious tolerance.

o       Pacifism

o       Universal love (hippies)

o       William Penn was given land and moved to Pennsylvania.

 

1. Half-Way Covenant

                        -  Decision by puritans to loosen up

                        - 1692 teenage girls say they were possessed by Satan – by witches. (To                                  get innocent people hung)

                        - Salem Witch Trials
                        - In 1692 church and gov’t began to separate.

 

-         First Great Awakening 1720-1740

                        -    1st great movement that affected all Americans.

-         Everyone became very religious.      

 

I. Colonial Snapshot

  A. Colonial Demographic

    - 1700 Ratio of English : Americans = 20:1

    - 1775 Ratio is 3:1

    - Average age of Americans in 1775 is 16 years old!

    - W.A.S.P. – White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

         - Dutch-Germans

         - Scotts/ -

 

II. Trade Patterns

 A. Triangular – formed a triangle from Africa bringing slaves to the Americas: Caribbean, Malaysia, Rum, then to North American back to Africa.

 

B. Erode

  - Water transport is very important

  - No roads

  - Rivers and oceans

  -  Cities on Rivers and Oceans

      - Boston

      - New York

      - Philadelphia

      - Charleston

- 90% are farmers

 

III. Society

-         Religion is becoming less important

-         Still teach it in school

-         After witch trials, separation of church and state began.

-         Class distinction has formed due to more money

-         Very little art

-         Deism – the belief that created all things and set them in motion and didn’t dwell on people’s day to day activities.

IV. Enlightenment – 1680 – 1700’s

-         Philosophers taking Newton’s ideas and adapt them to gov’t.

-         John Locke – political power comes from the people.

-         Thomas Jefferson – wrote Declaration of Independence

-         Montesque – wrote Seperation of Laws.

o       Said that power is corrupt

o       Power should be distributed

o       Checks and balances.