Civil War: Bloodbath

I. Strategy

            North has 3 strategic goals:

                        1. capture Confederate capitol of Richmond

                                    - mostly for moral/politics

                        2. take control of Mississippi

                                    - cuts Confederacy in half

                        3. put up a blockade preventing South to trade w/ Britain

                                    - brings in ironclads- Monitor vs. Merimack (Virginia)

                                    - now have armored war ships

            * from now on wooden sail ships are no longer used in military

                                    - British army is now absolute

III. War in the East

            Mainly in the East

            The army of Potomac

            Battle of Bullrun- first battle

            General McClellan

                        He’s a wimp

                        In July 1861 Lincoln orders him to fight/capture Richmond

                        South fought better than the North thought

                        Stonewall Jackson reinforces the South—they win

            Antietam

                        December 17, 1862

                        Lee invades Maryland hoping to take control of the state

                        He was hoping for a “Saratoga” type of outcome from the British

                        The bloodiest battle in American History

                                    Union- 12 thousand dead

                                    Confederacy- 10.5 thousand dead

                                                (basically a draw)

                        McClellan allows Lee to escape

                        Lincoln now feels that he can issue the Emancipation Proclamation  

                           (January 1, 1863)

                                    The slaves that he has no power over are “freed”- in actuality no

                                        slaves were freed

 

            -Gettysburg – lasts 3 days

            -Lee invades Pennsylvania

            -Somewhat of an accident

                        -53 thousand casualties

-Pucket’s Charge

                        -He leads a cavalry to try and break the union’s line

                        -Should have captured Lee

 

IV. War in the West

            Vicksburg

                        In 1873 the fort falls under siege

                        Led by U.S. General Grant

                        Grant became General in East after Gettysburg

 

V.   Election of 1864

            Lincoln wins

            Copperheads

                        N. Democrats loyal to the union

            N. Democrat elected McClellan

            Lincoln wins nearly exclusively

            Lincoln creates a new party – the Union Party

            Lincoln gets a new V.P. – Andrew Johnson

                        Johnson’s a Southern Democrat

           

VI.  The End….

            “March to the Sea” – Sherman’s March

           

After the Fare: Reconstruction

           

I. Civil war coda

            A. Appomattox

                        1865- Sherman’s march through the south

                        Lee is surrounded by Grant

                        Evidence of early French warfare

                        Lee escapes – Richmond is captured

                        Lee’s army – 25,000 Grant – 180,000

                        Mer weeks – Lee surrenders, on April 9, 1863 peace treaty is signed

                        This ends major war/battle

 

            B. Ford’s Theater

                        Lincoln and wife go out to Ford’s Theater in D.C. – April 14

                        An out of work actor, John Wilkes Booth, shoots Abe in the head, stabs a cavalry captain and jumps the balcony, breaking a leg. He then flees to a warehouse, then killing himself.

 

            C. Butcher’s Bull

                        ~620,000 soldiers die

                        Over 1 mil. wounded

                        Costs about 15 billion dollars in gold

                        South is basically reamed

                       

** Big Ideas

                        Slavery abolition 1865 in the 13th amendment

                        10th amendment is somewhat dissolved. Feds win

                        We now have a bad ass army

                                    Imperial eagle has hatched

                       

II. The Problem

            The south is destroyed

            We know have 3 mil. freed slaves – don’t know what to do w/ them

            What about the rebellion whites in the south

            Who gets to make the decisions?

           

III. Black and white

            Sharecroppers – blacks stay on the land but receive a share of the crop the till

            Carpet baggers – Northerners who get rich off of the reconstruction

            (hated by white southerners)

            Scalawags -  white southerners who work w/ carpet baggers (hated even more)

 

IV. Johnson’s U.S. Congress

            Lincoln wants a democrat to win to help with the reconstruction after the war

            After Lincoln’s shot he leaves Johnson (democratic Southerner) in charge

            Congress (radical republicans) hate Johnson

           

V. Free at last?

            From 1620 – 1865 – blacks are considered 3/5 of a human

            From 1865 – 1954 – blacks are segregated, get free but treated unequal

            White people create “Black codes” that try to keep blacks on the farm to till their crops

            In 1867 civil rights act passes through congress but Johnson vetos it

            1867 – 14th amendment is made protecting peoples rights

            1870 – 15th amendment is made to permit voting rights for all

            Grandfather clause – before 15th amendment – cant vote unless your grandfather voted

            Klu Klux Klan is created – soon after the__________

                        Hung black people for voting

           

VI. Impeachment – an accusation/trial

            The first president to be impeached

            Johnson wants to replace his secretary of war

            Congress passes Tenure of Office

                        President can’t force Cabinet members

            Johnson says NO and forces him anyway

            Johnson was impeached but found innocent

                       

VII. Alaska and the Solid South

            1867 we buy Alaska from Russia for __ Million dollars

            Known as Seward’s ice box/ Seward’s Folly because of the secretary of state – Seward

 

 

Industrial Best

I. Tech. and Mech.

            By 1900 U.S. output exceeds both Britain and Germany

            1880, 50% of Americans live on farms

            1920, 25% of Americans live on farms

            In 1900, 10% of population controls 90% of the wealth

            Steel is now easier and cheaper to produce

                        Large amounts of steel

                                    Railroads

                                    Buildings – 1900’s skyscrapers

            Large amounts of oil

                        Internal combustion

                        Cars-1901

            Electricity has become much more abundant

                        Refrigerator- not in all houses

                        Telephone

            Thomas Edison

                        Electric light

                        Phonograph

                        Motion picture cameras

            “Mass Culture”

                        Everybody in America has the opportunity to look and listen to the same stuff

                        *everything becomes made by machines

 

II. The Big 3

            A. Rail Roads

                        Trans-continental Rail Road – 1869 by union people

                        *Around this time the first thought of time zones began

                        Vanderbilt – “Robber Baron”

                                    Works people like slaves

            B. Steel

                        Andrew Carnegie

                                    Creates U.S. steel

                                    Sells to J.P. Morgan for 200 million

                                    Carnegie spends the rest of his life trying to give away money

            C. Oil

                        Rockefeller

            D. Interstate Commerce Act 1887

                        Tries to control the railroads

           

III. Trusts – Monopoly

            Vertical trust

                        Carnegie                                    

                                                                            |    | Product

                                                                            |    | Foundry

                                                                            |    | Ships

                                                                            |    | missabi ore

 

            Horizontal Trust

            Rockefeller                    |        |           |standard oil |          |           |

                        Expanded by buying out other companies

 

            Because of this congress passed the Sherman anti-trust act in 1890

            No one company can completely control one certain structure

            *this law isn’t really used until Roosevelt

 

IV. Social Darwinism

            The strong/smart survive

 

V. Rise of Unions

            Union membership

                        1897 – 250K

                        1900 – 870K

                        1904 – 2 mil.

                        1908 – 1.5 mil.

                        1917 – 3 mil.

            Child labor laws

            Nat’l Labor Laws

                        Only lasted ten years

            Knight of labor – 1869

            Terrance Powderly

                        Allowed all kinds of workers to join the union

            Haymarket square protest – 1886

            A.F.L

                        American Federation Labor – 1886

            1913 – Clayton anti-trust act

                        Says that the Sherman anti-trust act cant say the labor unions are a monopoly

 

Rise of cities

 

I. Statistics

            U.S. population: 40 mil.-1870; 80 mil. – 1900; 105 mil. – 1920

            New York 1900 – 3.5 mil.

            1900 – 5 mil. women work

                        18% Garment, 40% service

            1900 – 20% children worked in factories

            1890 – 19% of pop. was foreign born

            1910 – 33% of pop. was foreign born

            1900 – 25% of college grads are female

 

II. Cities and Immigrants

            Sullivan – build large amounts of Chicago

            *elevators now important

            Dumbbell Tenement

                        Ghetto shit holes

            Chicago – ideal location for shipping meat

            Immigration – mainly from W. Europe

                        On the west coast are Chinese immigrants

                                    Faced much discrimination

                                    1880 – Chinese exclusion act made it illegal for Chinese to move to America

 

III. Nativism

            Many people naturally hated immigrants           

            K.K.K. begins to resurface but not only towards blacks

 

IV. Girl Power

            Nat’l women’s suffrage assoc.

                        Susan B. Anthony/ Elizabeth Stanton – 1869

            * 1869 Wyoming grants women right to vote

            There was originally a connection between blacks and women’s right to vote but black men got that right long before

 

            Economically

                        Family size decreases

                        Women have children later

                        Allows women to work more

            Settlement house movement

                        Pop. in cites are too large for city size

                        Jane Adams – 1860 – 1935

                                    Started Hull House

                                    Went into slums and helped people “salvation army”

 

V. New Morality

            “Victorian Age” very conservative

            Respectability – middle class people began acting more noble

            The words Drumstick (chicken leg) Rooster (cock) and limbs (legs) were invented

            Temperance – no booze

                        Carrie Nation destroyed many alcohol products

            Education continues to grow

                        U.S. constitution says nothing about education

 

VI. Media and Literature

            Joseph Pulitzer

            William Randolph Hearst – powerful news paper guy

                        Yellow journalism – opinion disguised as fact

            Walt Whitman

                        “Oh Captain, My Captain”

            Emily Dickenson          

            Mark Twain

Closing of the Frontier

 

I. The west is the best

            West is split into 2

                        Continental west and pacific west

                                    Continental west – great American desert

                                                Hard dry useless land

                                                Gave it to Indians

                        1893 – Fred J. Turner wrote – “significance of the frontier in American history”

 

II. Indian Wars

            Sioux

            Arapaho

            Cheyenne

                        Nomadic Cultures

                                    Their main source of life is Bison

            American army

                        Most veterans of Civil War

                         They were mean         

                        1/5 are black – segregated units

                                    Buffalo soldiers

            Sioux wars

                        S. Dakota – black hills – sacred to the Sioux’s

                        Americans found out about Black Hill’s gold

                        Americans go in to the Indian land to get gold

                        Sitting Bull – Totanka Yotanka

                        Units many other tribes against Americans

                        *captain – crazy horse

            George A. Custer – 7th cavalry

                        Leads 26% soldiers against 10,000 Indians- Battle of the Little Bighorn- Custer’s last stand-1876

                        Everyone died

 

            Nez Pierce- Chief Joseph

                        The same Indians who helped Lewis & Clark

                        10 years after Little Bighorn, the government turned to put them on reservations

                       

                       

            Apache

                        Were beaten and forced off the land

                        Odd attempt to kill white men

                        Some Americans to stop them

                        A man with a machine gun opens fire killing 300 people

 

III. Native Americans Coda

                        Dawes Act-1887

                        Indian tribes are banished

                        Its illegal to be in a tribe

                        Gives acres of land to Indian groups

                        Provide food, education, farm equip, etc.

                        Indian reorganization act 1934

                        Repeats Dawes Act

                        Helen Hunt Jackson “ A country of Dishonor”

 

IV. The Three Frontiers

                        Mining

                        Ranching

                        Barbed wire made fencing easy in the open range

                        Farming