Vocabulary from Spielvogel Text
Memorize these terms.
I would go through them and find the terms you don’t already know. Make a list of those terms by cutting and
pasting them into another word file.
Print that file and study it until you know them. We will test over these terms on Tuesday.
Chapter 13
Absolutism - government where the ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God
Baroque - a style
that dominated Western painting, sculpture, architecture and music from about
1580 to 1730, lots of action, contrast between light and dark, usually Catholic
artists
Boyars - the Russian nobility
Divine-right monarchy - a monarchy based on the belief that monarchs receive their power directly from God
Gentry - wealthy English landowners below the level of the nobility; become important leading up to Industrial Revolution
Geocentric theory - the idea that the earth is as the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolve around the earth
Heliocentric theory - the idea that the sun is at the center of the universe
high culture the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes
Humanism - an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based upon the study of the Greek and Roman classics
Indulgence – forgiveness of sins in exchange for money or favors to Catholic church; made Luther angry
Justification of faith - the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; taught that humans are saved not through good works, but by FAITH in the grace of God
Limited (constitutional) monarchy - a system of government in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly and often a Constitution
New monarchies -
the governments of
Puritans - English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England; “Purify”
Rationalism - a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge; reason; Voltaire, Locke
Renaissance - the
"rebirth" of classical culture that occurred in
Scientific method - a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, uses experiments and observations to develop generalizations
Conquistadors - conquerors;
leaders of the Spanish conquest in the
Entrepreneur - one who organizes, operates and assumes the risk in business venture in the expectation of making a profit
Mercantilism - an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; invented by French and leads to colonialism
Bedouins -
nomadic tribes originally from northern
Caliph - the secular leader of the Islamic community; division over who is a Caliph led to split between Shia and Sunni
Five pillars of Islam - the core requirements of the faith, observation of which would lead to paradise
Jihad - in Islam "striving in the way of the Lord", term sometimes includes military attacks
Purdah - the Indian term for the practice among Muslims and some Hindus of isolating women and preventing them from associating with men outside the home
Bakufu -
the centralized government set up in
Daimyo - prominent Japanese families who provided allegiance to the local shogun in exchange for protection
Samurai - literally "retainer"; usually in service to a particular shogun, these warriors lived by a strict code of ethics and duty
Shogunate system - the system of government in
Tribute system - an important element of Chinese foreign policy, by which neighboring states paid for the privilege of access to Chinese markets
Agricultural revolution - the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century
Authoritarian state - a state that has a dictatorial government and some other trappings of a totalitarian state, but does not demand that the masses e actively involved in the regime's goals as totalitarian states do
Conscription - a military draft
Continental System
- Napoleon's effort to bar British goods from the Continent in the hope of
weakening
Enclosure movement - in the eighteenth century, the fencing in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings into large units that could be farmed more efficiently. Limited opportunities for peasants so many moved to the city and worked in factories.
Enlightened Despot - an absolute monarchy where the ruler follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in accordance with the laws
Enlightenment - an eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to al aspects of life
Guild - an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft
Individualism - emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person
Joint-stock company - a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company
Liberalism - an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Usually desire change in society.
Natural laws - a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding upon all human society even in the absence of positive laws
Natural rights - certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, include the right to life, liberty, and property, freedom of speech and religion, and equality before the law
Ancient Regime/Old regime/old order - the political and social system of
Orders/estates - the traditional 3 Estate division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century
Philosophes - intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife
Political democracy - a form of government characterized by universal suffrage and mass political parties; liberal idea of 1800s
Popular culture - as opposed to high culture, the unofficial, written and unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was passed down orally, American Idol is Pop Culture and PBS often show High Culture
Reason of state - the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interest of its ruing family
Revolution - a fundamental change in the political and social organization of a state; many of these in 1700s and 1800s
Sans-culottes - the common people who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase of the French Revolution
Secularization - the process of becoming concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things
Suffrage - the right to vote
Balance of power - a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another; European idea
Capital - material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth
Conservatism - an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change. Conservatives resist change.
Cottage industry - a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weaves worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs
Free trade -the unrestricted international exchange of goods with low or no tariffs
General strike - a strike by all or most workers in an economy
Laissez-faire - to let alone, an economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere
Liberalism - an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
Nationalism - a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community—a "nation"—that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
Socialism - an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods
Surplus value - in Marxism, the difference between a product's real value and the wages of the worker who produced the product
Trade union - an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions
White Man’s Burden – poem by Rudyard Kipling that
encouraged Europeans to help those in Africa,
Anti-Semitism - hostility or discrimination against Jews
Bicameral legislature - a legislature with two houses
Bolsheviks - a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution, seized power in 1917
Feminism - the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes
Leninism -
Lenin's revision of Marxism that held that
Marxism - the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society
Mass education - a state-run educational system, usually free and compulsory that aims to ensure that all children in society have at least a basic education
Mass leisure - forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people in a society including the working classes; emerged at the end of the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations. SPORTS and Entertainment.
Mass politics - a political order characterized by mass political parties and universal male and (eventually) female suffrage
Materialism - the belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete material existence, not through feeling or intuition.
Modernism - the new artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible (leading to Impressionism and Cubism) and writers explored new forms.
Nation-state - a form of political organization in which a relatively similar group of people inhabits a sovereign state, as opposed to a state containing people of several nationalities
Political democracy - a form of government characterized by universal suffrage and mass political parties.
Proletariat - the industrial working class. In Marxism, the class who will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie
Realism - In the nineteenth century, a school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic realism.
Realpolitik - politics of reality. Politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics.
Reason of state - the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests of its ruling family.
Social Darwinism
- the application of
Socialism - an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods
Sphere of influence
- a territory or region over which an outside nation exercises political or
economic influence; especially in
Welfare state - a social/political system in which the government assumes the primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens by providing such things as social security, unemployment benefits, and health care.
Zionism - an
international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a
refuge for Jews in
ANC the African National Congress - Founded in 1912, it was the beginning of political activity by South African blacks. Banned by politically dominant European whites in 1960, it was not officially un-banned until 1990. It is now the official majority party of the South African government
Assimilation - an effort to make colonial societies be like the Western image.
Militarism - a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I.
New imperialism -
the revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established
colonies throughout much of Asia and
Self-determination - the doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own government and political future; helps to end Imperialism