prehistory vs. history
| Prehistory – no written documents; History: written proof of history
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Paleolithic Era
| Old Stone Age
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Neolithic Era
| New Stone Age
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Ice Age
| Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice
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Egypt
| the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.
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. Indus valley civilization
| an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa
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early China
| Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han
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the Celts
| group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans.
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the Hittites and iron weapons
| First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC.
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the Assyrians and cavalry warfare
| indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare?
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The Persian Empire
| used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians
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The Hebrews and monotheism
| descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.
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the Phoenicians and the alphabet
| enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.
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the Lydians and coinage
| ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins.
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Greek city-states
| region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete
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Roman Empire
| Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.
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Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties
| First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.
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Central Asia and Mongolia
| historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia
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Dravidians
| people of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.
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Constantinople/Byzantine Empire
| Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.
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Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates
| Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
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Bantu and their migrations
| To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports.
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Nubia
| The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush – left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century).
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Ghana
| Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom’s survival. 13th century, new states rose.
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Olmec
| Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.
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Maya
| Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.
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Andean societies
| developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.
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Abbasid
| (750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs
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Axum
| Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity
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Baghdad
| Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone
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Byzantine Empire
| Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople
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Incan
| Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire
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Kush
| An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
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Mali
| Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages, Mali formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu
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Mayan
| People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula
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Mesoamerica
| Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus
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Ming
| Succeeded Mongol Yuan in 1360 lasted till 1644, characterized by great trade expeditions that were withdrawn
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Song
| Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes
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Tang
| dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E… more stable than the previous dynasty
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Bedouins
| Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region
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Mali Empire
| model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms, Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa
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Songhay Empire
| successor to Mali empire, fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets
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Yuan dynasty
| 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China
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Byzantine Empire
| Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople
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Ottoman Turks
| ethnic subdivision of Turkish ppl, who dominated ruling class of the ottoman empire
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Zimbabwe
| country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass
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Mesoamerica
| known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada, where the native Americans have inhabited over time
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Maya
| A native American group of people that lived in Central America
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Inca
| A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest
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Aztec Empire
| powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)
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Middle Ages
| Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants.
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Ming dynasty
| Dynasy after Yuan founded by Zhu Yuanjhan
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Mughal dynasty
| Muslim dynasty that ruled India
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Qing dynasty
| founded by Manch clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died
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Tokugawa Shogunate
| a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders
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Ming dynasty
| ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type
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Ashikaga Shogunate
| , 1336–1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare
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Delhi Shogunate
| various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526
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Tokugawa Shogunate-
| seized control in 1600s, authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country.
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