Istanbul
| officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world
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Mehmet II
| 1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians), besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own
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Abbas the Great
| strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia
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Francis Xavier
| pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul
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Kangxi
| one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
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Ashikaga Shogunate
| , 1336–1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare
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Oda Nobunaga
| Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
| and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms
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Delhi Shogunate
| various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526
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Babur the Tiger
| founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother
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Aurangzeb
| "ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history, and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam."
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Askia Mohammed
| king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire
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gold trade in West and Central Africa
| made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region
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Osei Tutu
| Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state
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Zulu
| South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle
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Francisco Pizarro
| defeated Incas due to guns, germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma
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Peter Stuyvesant
| last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City
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94. Louis Pasteur:
| creator of germ theory and pasteurization - led to improved health
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108. John Locke –
| English philosopher who argued that the government’s power came from the people and that revolution against tyrants was acceptable
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124. Napoleon
| – absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815
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133. Toussaint L’Ouverture
| – a leader of the Haitian revolt against France
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138. Miguel Hidalgo –
| Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain
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139. Pancho Villa –
| Mexican revolutionary who fought in the revolution from 1910 to 1917
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141. Empress Cixi –
| disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China’s decline
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147. Chiang Kai-shek –
| leader of the Kuomintang and founder of the Republic of China
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148. Simon Bolivar –
| Creole military leader who fought for Colombian independence between 1817 and 1822
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149. Jose de San Martin
| leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816
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150. King John VI –
| Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon’s invasion
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151. King Pedro/Pedro II-
| Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil, Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, Pedro, Pedro lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. Pedro gives power to Pedro II rules for most of 19th century. Stable monarchy
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