Julius Nyerere
| teacher turned founder of Tanzania
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Leon Trotsky
| Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army;
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Joseph Stalin
| General Secretary of communist party; premier of the USSR; rule marked by: forced collectivization of agriculture; policy of industrialization; victorious and devastating role for the soviets during WWII.
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Benito Mussolini
| Fascist leader in Italy. Anti-communist
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Mein Kampf
| An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists and Jews.
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
| The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest, but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks."
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Reza Shah Pahlavi
| Shah of Iran (1925–41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator, he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. Reza Shah introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up.
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Ibn Saud
| Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932–1953).
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Sun Yat-sen
| Chinese politician who served as provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Manchu (1911–1912) and later led the opposition to Yuan Shigai.
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Yuan Shikai
| Chinese politician. Authorized by China's final imperial edict to create a republican government, he was named president but ruled as a dictator (1912–1916).
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Chinese Communist Party
| Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong… who led the Long March (1934–1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966–1969).
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Emperor Taisho
| Emperor of Japan (1912–26). His given name was Yoshihito. The son of Mutsuhito, the Meiji emperor, he succeeded to the throne in 1912, but because of illness he played little part in governing the nation. His reign was characterized by democratization, friendly relations with the West, and economic growth. In 1921 Taishō was declared mentally incompetent and his son Hirohito was made regent.
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Emperor Hirohito
| figurehead of Japan, actually controlled by military when the war starts for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
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Hidiki Tojo
| 40th prime minister of Japan, nationalist, general in Imperial Army, executed for war crimes
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Jawaharlal Nehru
| Takes over Congress/movement, political leader of India, begins “Quit India” campaign so Brits leave
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Lazaro Cardenas
| president of Mexico 1934, redistributes acres with land reform, nationalized oil industry (took from US)
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Juan and Eva Peron
| Argentina, takes over after WWII, populist leader, wife popular, appeal to lower class, raised salaries of working class, gov’t controlled press, denied civil liberties
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Francois Mitterand
| More pro-West w/ policies, president France 1981-1995
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Helmut Kohl
| German Chancellor 1982-1998 - worked w/ Mitterand on European Union - like Thatcher/Reagan - wanted to lower taxes, encourage initiative - conservative
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Yasser Arafat - Palestine Liberation Organization
| Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people - later becomes political party
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Ayatollah Khomeini
| Leader of Iranian Revolution - group of students supporting seize US embassy 1979 - begins stage of anti-US sentiment - fundamentalist theocracy
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Saddam Hussein
| Dictator Iraq - took over power in coup, pushed war against Iran, invaded Kuwait - Persian Gulf War - genocide against Kurds
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Desmond Tutu
| Bishop - spoke out against apartheid in S. Africa - Noble Peace Prize - called diverse S. Africa a Rainbow Nation
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Idi Amin
| Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths
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Mobutu Sese Seko
| President of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) - 1962-1995 - symbol of African nepotism, kleptocracy, and personality cult
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Patrice Lumumba
| First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered
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Indira Gandhi
| Indian Prime Miniters - 1966-77, 80-84 - pushed nuclear power program - Green Revolution - increase in production due to new strains, techniques, pesticides
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Suharto
| 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering
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Ho Chi Minh
| Communist Vietnamese Nationalist, trained in Europe, fought Japanese then French then US, wanted united Vietnam
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Kim Il Sung
| led north Korea from 1948 until 1994, created communist nation w/ strong ties to China
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