Protestant doctrines
| don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope
|
colonization
| need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning
|
sultan
| certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate
|
millet system
| method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law
|
harem
| part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English, this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man
|
apartheid
| legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white, colored or black
|
Atlantic slave trade
| purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people
|
absolutism
| A political theory that states all power should be held by one ruler
|
revolution
| The overthrowing of 1 government and the replacement of it, by another
|
democracy
| Government by people, represented by them or by elected representatives
|
mercantilism
| The practice of merchants; commercialism
|
feudalism
| A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection
|
aristocracy
| The upper, noble and rich class
|
middle class
| Between the upper and lower, they often face a stagnant economy, some education
|
secular
| Not bound by any religious faction
|
diplomatic
| An arbitrator between 2 or more groups
|
conservative backlash
| A retaliation from often strict religious groups
|
liberalizing elements
| Elements needed to free a nation, people
|
democratizing elements
| Elements needed for political freedom
|
exploration
| The search of new borders and areas
|
colonization
| The act of acquiring nations for the benefit of the mother nation’s economy
|
unprecedented
| Lacking previous experience of the sort
|
imperialism
| A policy of extending a nation’s powers through diplomacy or military practice
|
economic exploitation
| The misuse, taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy
|
Enlightenment
| The use of reason to scrutinize humanitarian reforms
|
unification
| The joining of two or more groups
|
industrialization
| The growing or birth of production
|
imperialism
| A policy of extending a nation’s powers through diplomacy or military practice
|
Western Hemisphere
| Often known as Western Europe or USA
|
nationalism
| Devotion to the culture of a nation
|
eugenics
| The study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding
|
ethnocentrism
| Belief in one’s ethnic superiority
|
Social Darwinism
| The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority
|
White Man’s Burden/Rudyard Kipling
| The belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored
|
urbanization
| The change from rural to urban lifestyle
|
technology
| Application of science, for commercial or industrial objectives
|
manufactured/finished goods
| The completion of raw material
|
raw materials
| Unfinished products, at its first stage
|
Atlantic World
| The water ways, between continents
|
plantation system
| The use of cotton gins and slaves for production
|
Monroe Doctrine
| The proclamation that prevented European nations from colonizing in the Americas
|
foreign investment
| Investing in other countries’ economies
|
capital
| The initial amount of money to start a business
|
domestic/putting out system
| Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace
|
Tanzimat Reforms
| Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire
|
extraterritoriality
| Diplomatic jurisdiction, exempted from local jurisdiction
|
serfdom
| A person in bondage or servitude
|
mass production
| The generating of produce in vast quantities
|
Capitalism:
| Capitalism is an evolving concept, which is derived from earlier European economic practices (Feudalism, Imperialism, Mercantilism). Capitalism is widely considered to be the dominant economic system in the world. There is continuing debate over the definition, nature, and scope of this system.
|
Enclosure movement:
| During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes
|
Laissez faire capitalism:
| Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy.
|
Bessemer Process:
| Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively.
|
Factory system:
| The factory system was a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory, often making low-quality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. The result of the factory system was that the quality of goods declined. Since factories were based in large cities, people from rural areas moved into the city to get work.
|
Interchangeable parts:
| important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before
|
Assembly Line
| An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
|
Proletariat:
| new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution
|
Reform movements:
| movements that occurred, often, at the end of the industrial revolution, such as the feminist and labor union movements
|
Labor unions:
| A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR
|
Ladies:
| Workers in Britain (1810–1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd.
|
monoculture:
| agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 1800-1900 because of mercantilism
|
popular consumption:
| goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR, such as textiles
|
entrepreneurship:
| significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR
|
partial modernization:
| industrialization but only to a certain extent; see Samuel Hungtinton’s Clash of Civilizations (good book…)
|
suffrage:
| voting rights; suffrage movement; universal suffrage
|
Muckrakers:
| A muckraker is a journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes societal issues such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and similar topics.
|
Settlement Houses
| neighborhood centers in urban areas that provided literacy, classes, daycare, entertainment - like a YMCA
|
push factors:
| conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it
|
pull factors:
| attract or pull an organization towards a new location, eg the availability of cheap skilled labor.
|
settler colonies:
| colonies with, you guessed it, settlers
|
pogroms:
| A pogrom (from Russian: "погром" (meaning "wreaking of havoc") is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been applied to similar incidents against other minority groups.
|
life expectancy rates:
| expected age until death - improved due to improved health care, brief drop at beginning of Industrial Revolution due to living conditions,
|
infant mortality rates:
| number of babies per 1000 who die at birth
|
birth rates:
| number of births eventually drops again as middle class has less need for many kids
|
cholera/tuberculosis:
| various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR
|
social mobility -
| the ability of an individual to change his/her social status
|
“taxation without representation” –
| Taxes were levied on American colonies, but they were not represented in Britain’s parliament
|
universal manhood suffrage –
| voting rights extended without discrimination
|
guerilla warfare –
| unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics
|
radicalism –
| democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights
|
parliamentary system –
| representative government led by a prime minister
|
militaristic –
| aggressive war based ideology
|
caudillos –
| military juntas or governments - military men that take over power - sets precedent
|
Russification-
| All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy, anyone who didn’t’ was persecuted, Jews.
|
Creoles-
| European born Foreign
|
Mestizos-
| Indigenous and European mixed
|
Mulattoes-
| Mixed European and black
|
Marxism-
| More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality)
|
Liberalism-
| willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own. Open to new ideas.
|
Conservatism-
| not changing or innovating, holding on to traditional values.
|
Anarchism-
| abolition of all government the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
|
Socialism-
| economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality
|
Communism-
| Ideally – perfect justice, social equality and plenty
|
Realism-
| Rejected Romanticism’s idealized dramatic outlook, critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice.
|
economic imperialism –
| practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed.
|
infrastructure -
| The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.
|
populism
| a political philosophy supporting the right and power of the people in their struggle against he privileged elite
|
fascism
| system of government, under authority of a dictator, through suppression of the opposition by means of terror and censorship
|
militarism
| predominance of armed forces in the administration/policy of a state (Japan during WWII)
|
collectivization
| Part of Stalin’s Five Year Plans. HE took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises and created large, nationalized factories.
|
McDonaldization
| Same multinational corporations everywhere
|
cubism
| most important movement since Renaissance - objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form
|
mass consumerism
| wealth now spent on surplus items - consumer goods - industrialized world spends a ton of money bringing their world from a 10>11 instead of bringing everyone else up from a 0>1
|
Desalinization
| Expensive effort to turn salt water into fresh water - usually located in Persian Gulf regions
|
Terrorism
| The use of violence and intimidation to try and gain political awareness or right.
|
decolonization
| following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues, allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population
|
national liberation
| wars of liberation in which local/indigenous populations fought imperial powers - usually supported secrety by Soviet KGB or American CIA depending on ideology
|
consumerism
| massive purchase and industrialized toward consumer products - not necessities of life - just make us have a ton of stuff
|
existentialism
| human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. Existentialism is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence
|
Environmentalism
| post-industrial movement to improve water supply, air, land pollution, animals, other small critters - save environment for our future
|
nationalist extremism
| fanatic belief that your nation/ethnic group better than others/neighboring - usually found in developing nations frustrated by income disparity
|
Global Warming
| threat that industrialization has put wholes in ozone layer which will heat up water temperature, melt glaciers, causing huge problems - end of the world -we're all going to die
|
Collapse of the Soviet Union
| due to economic stagnation, independence push for Soviet Bloc nations + work of Mikhail Gorbachev
|
Nuclear club
| nations with nuclear weapons - United States of America, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and the People's Republic of China. Since the formulation of the NPT, two non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted nuclear tests—India and Pakistan. Israel
|
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
| attempt to keep nuclear technology from spreading past original US, French, British, Russian - not so successful - see Iran, N. Korea, India, Pakistan - nations know once they get bomb - they are world players
|
weapons of mass destruction - nuclear, bio, chem
| new phase of military technology that can be delivered by individuals, not states, requires less money, heavy civilian casualties
|
Gulf War
| 1980s Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for more oil, US + coalition kick him out, but leave him in power - leads to Iraq War 12 years later
|
Rise of China
| After psycho Mao leaves, China starts to industrialize logically, enter world stage, they have unique combo of state-controlled capitalism + pseudo communism - massive income/education disparity urban to rural
|
Yugoslav Wars (Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo)
| after fall of USSR - ethnic divisions resulted in all-out Civil War - genocide on massive scale - United Nations comes in but struggles to figure out who is good guy/bad guy
|
Hutu-Tutsi conflict
| Rwandan genocide - Belgians long ago said Tutsis have more than 10 cows, Hutus have less - Rwandans divided arbitrarily - led to centuries of frustration - eventually Hutus start slaughering Tutsis
|
East Timor
| Roman Catholic ethnic group that fought to gain independence in Indonesia - Suharto falls from power, they fight back - poorest nation in the world - newest nation in the world
|
Green Movement
| see above - basically term given to environmental movement
|