Francisco Pizarro
| Spanish conquerer who defeated the Incan Empire of Peru from 1535-1540
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Atahualpa
| the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire
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Khan
| Mongol ruler
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Akbar
| greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine"), combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature
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Sha Jahan
| Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal
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Charles V
| Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires
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Henry of Navarre
| First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nantes - cared about welfare of people
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Ivan the Great
| quadrulpled size of Russia, made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule
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Louis XIV
| "Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy, increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism
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Prince Henry the Navigator
| Pushed Portugues efforts to explore African sea route to Asia
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Oliver Cromwell
| British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic
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Suleiman I
| Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system
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Sunni Ali
| 15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire
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Elizabeth I
| England monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility
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John Calvin
| Calvinism - belief in predestination - anti-witches,
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Martin Luther
| priest that initiated Protestant Reformation, refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry
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Henry VIII
| created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annull marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir
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Saint Ignatius Loyola
| Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights
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Maria Theresa and Joseph II
| first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.
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Frederick the Great
| a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch
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Galileo
| improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".
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Sir Isaac Newton
| By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.
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Voltaire
| Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs
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Adam Smith
| Wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism
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Prince Henry the Navigator
| sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia
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Christopher Columbus
| "discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance
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Ferdinand Magellan
| 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe
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Jacques Cartier
| explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.
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Henry Hudson
| British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage
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Osman I
| 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
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