Traditions and Encounters
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Chapter 1
7. The most significant
defining characteristic of the paleolithic era was
that
A) human
beings used stone and bone tools in their cultivation of crops.
B) peoples
relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence.
C) men
and women engaged in the same economic activities.
D) people
domesticated animals.
E) none
of the above.
13. The term neolithic era refers to
A) the
early stages of a cultivating society.
B) the
agricultural transition.
C) the
era in which the peoples began to use polished stone tools.
D) the
era in which people began to live permanently in villages.
E) all
of the above.
14 By about 5000 B.C.E.,
agriculture had displaced hunting and gathering societies in several regions of
the world primarily because
A) cultivation
required much less work than hunting and gathering.
B) cultivation
provided a relatively stable and regular supply of food.
C) human
beings had mastered agricultural knowledge and technique.
D) agriculture
led to a more varied diet.
E) none
of the above.
15 All of the following
social changes were brought about by agriculture except
A) population
growth.
B) the
emergence of villages and towns.
C) the
invention of writing.
D) the
specialization of labor.
E) the
emergence of social classes.
16. The site of
A) agricultural
sites.
B) towns.
C) cities.
D) villages.
E) temples.
17 Three neolithic
industries that illustrate the greatest potential of specialized labor include
A) stone
tool making, leather, and jewelry.
B) wood
carving, beads, and baskets.
C) pottery,
metallurgy, and textiles.
D) furs,
fish, and grain.
E) none
of the above.
18 Çatal
HÜyÜk is an archaeological site in
A) specialization
of labor.
B) iron
production.
C) long-distance
trade.
D) writing.
E) all
of the above.
19 The belief that neolithic religious thought clearly reflected the natural
world of early agricultural society is based on observation of
A) religious
texts.
B) representations
of gods and goddesses.
C) cave
paintings.
D) fossils.
E) priests'
burial sites.
20 Cities first emerged from
agricultural villages and towns in
A) the
valleys of the
B)
C) China.
D)
E)
Chapter 2
1. Gilgamesh was
A) a
king of the city-state of Uruk.
B) a
hero in a popular Mesopotamian epic.
C) a
warrior in conflict with the city of
D) a
legendary loyal friend of Enkidu.
E) all
of the above.
3. Which of the following did
Sumerian cities and their governments do?
A) organize
work on building projects.
B) rule
over the area surrounding the city.
C) oversee
the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems.
D) organize
the defense of the city against attacks.
E) all
of the above.
7 Which of the following was
the latest invention?
A) bronze
metallurgy.
B) the
wheel.
C) ships.
D) iron
metallurgy.
E) the
chariot.
8. Which of the following is
true of the social classes of ancient
A) People
became kings by winning battles.
B) The
nobility were continually fighting with the kings for power.
C) Priests
and priestesses were powerful rulers over temple communities.
D) There
was no slavery.
E) all
of the above.
13. The religious beliefs of
the Israelites after Moses included
A) the
worship of Mesopotamian gods.
B) monotheism.
C) the
worship of Allah.
D) the
building of ziggurats.
E) none
of the above.
15. The Phoenicians
A) were
prosperous based on their sea trade and commercial networks.
B) built
a large empire through conquest.
C) were
an Indo-European people.
D) first
settled in the
E) all
of the above.
17. Which of the following is
not associated with the Phoenicians?
A) agriculture.
B) alphabetic
script.
C) Astarte.
D) city-states.
E) shipbuilding.
19 The key element in the
expansion of the Indo-Europeans from their homeland was
A) iron
weapons.
B) monotheism.
C) trade.
D) horses.
E) writing.
Chapter 3
1. The Greek historian
Herodotus proclaimed
A) the
process of desiccation forced paleolithic human
groups to migrate from the
B) the
Egyptians depended on the
C) the
reliable rhythm of the
D) Egyptian
myth had their people emerging out of the river.
E) all
of the above.
3. Which of the following is
true of the
A) By
worldwide standards it is a relatively short river.
B) It is
unusual in that it is navigable throughout its length.
C) It
used to flood very predictably.
D) It
flows from north to south.
5. Unification of Egyptian
rule came about through the conqueror
A) Menes.
B) Hatshepsut.
C) Ta-Seti.
D) Khufu.
E) none
of the above.
6. The Egyptian pyramids
A) were
built during the
B) served
as royal tombs.
C) are
testimony to the power of the pharaoh.
D) stand
at
E) all
of the above.
Chapter 4
3. In the sites of
A) the Harappan state was very oppressive, forcing different
racial groups to adopt the same standards.
B) there
might have been a central authority powerful enough to reach all corners of
society.
C) there
was a high degree of commercialization in the economy.
D) these
cultures actually migrated from
6. By about 1700 B.C.E., the
residents of
A) frequent
epidemics made city living impossible.
B) deforestation
of the
C) the
horse-riding Aryans began to invade the cities.
D) the
E) all
of the above.
8. The Indo-Europeans who
migrated to the Indian subcontinent
A) were
primarily herders.
B) utilized
horses for transportation.
C) judged
wealth by the number of cattle.
D) called
themselves Aryans.
E) all
of the above.
9. The period of Indian
history from 1500 to 500 B.C.E. is called the Vedic Age. It is so called
because
A) this
was how the Aryans referred to this period.
B) the
four earliest religious texts were compiled in this period.
C) this
was the period in which the Indians were particularly religious.
D) the
major god was Vedas.
10. The Aryans' term for
their four original castes was
A) jati.
B) brahmans.
C) varnas.
D) shudras.
E) none
of the above.
11. The Indian caste system
A) was a
central institution that served to promote social stability.
B) was
incapable of accommodating social changes.
C) was
actually not much of a restriction on the upward mobility of individuals.
D) did
not persist beyond the Vedic age.
E) none
of the above.
13. Which of the following
was evidence of the subordination of women to men in Aryan society?
A) patrilineal descent
B) the Lawbook of Manu.
C) the
practice of sati.
D) women
had no responsibilities for religious rituals.
E) all
of the above.
17. According to the
Upanishads,
A) each
person is part of a larger cosmic order..
B) the
highest goal of the individual is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth.
C) individuals
who live virtuous lives and do their duty can expect rebirth into a purer form.
D) ascetism and meditation are vehicles for escaping the cycle
of birth and rebirth.
E) all
of the above.
20. Believers in the
Upanishads
A) often
are vegetarians.
B) believe
you should respect all living things, even animals and insects.
C) believe
that animals might be holding incarnations of unfortunate souls.
D) humans should have compassion for the
suffering of the souls in animals.
E) all
of the above.
Chapter 5
1. By exalting the legendary
sage kings (Yao, Shun, and Yu) as exemplars of
virtue, Chinese moralists promoted the values of
A) hunting
and gathering.
B) military
aggression and masculinity.
C) social
harmony, selflessness, hard work.
D) matriarchy
and the home.
E) none
of the above.
2. The Yellow River earned
its nickname "China's Sorrow" because
A) it
was a turbulent river.
B) its frequent
floods were very destructive to agricultural society.
C) it
carried a heavy load of loess.
D) it
was a common place for people to commit suicide.
E) none
of the above.
7. According to Zhou
political theory, the Zhou king overthrew the Shang dynasty
because
A) the Shang lost the mandate of heaven.
B) the
subjects of Shang shifted their loyalty to Zhou.
C) the
last Shang king was a criminal fool.
D) the
Zhou was a much larger state than the Shang.
8. The Chinese king was
called the "son of heaven" and served as
A) a
ruler who could not be challenged.
B) a
link between heaven and earth.
C) a
divine king.
D) the
living son of the first emperor.
E) none
of the above.
11. All of the following were
social classes of Xia, Shang,
and Zhou, except
A) hereditary
aristocrats.
B) scholars
and bureaucrats.
C) craftsmen
and merchants.
D) peasants
and slaves.
E) priests
and monks.
12. The tradition of
venerating ancestors was firmly established during the Xia,
Shang, and Zhou dynasties. According to this
tradition,
A) one
must treat the ancestors as gods or deities.
B) one
worshipped the departed ancestors for protection and good fortune.
C) one
only venerated those ancestors who performed good deeds for the family.
D) one worshipped
the emperor as the incarnation of one's ancestors.
E) all
of the above.
13. In practice, the
veneration of ancestors reinforced the authority of the patriarchal head of the
family because
A) only
male ancestors were the subjects of worship.
B) female
members of the family did not participate in honoring ancestors.
C) it
was the patriarch who presided at the rites honoring ancestors.
D) only
male ancestors were reincarnated.
E) all
of the above.
14. During the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties
China experienced the shift from a matrilineal society to a patrilineal
society. This shift was caused by
A) settled
agriculture.
B) the
rise of large states.
C) bronze
metallurgy.
D) the
appearance of writing.
E) none
of the above.
15. During the early
dynasties, Chinese diviners used oracle bones
A) as
objects of art.
B) as
drugs to cure people's diseases.
C) to
record manuals of etiquette.
D) to
predict the future and answer questions.
E) none
of the above.
18. The nomadic peoples to
the north and west of China did not imitate Chinese ways because
A) they
did not speak Chinese.
B) the
grassy steppe lands were not suitable for agriculture or permanent settlement.
C) the
Chinese were their enemies.
D) they
had little exposure to the Chinese society.
Chapter 7
1. The Medes and the Persians
were
A) Sumerians
who migrated from Mesopotamia to Persia.
B) Babylonians
who migrated from Mesopotamia to Persia.
C) Indo-Europeans
who migrated from Anatolia to Iran.
D) Indo-Europeans
who migrated from central Asia to Persia.
E) none
of the above.
4. Egypt was conquered by
A) Cyrus.
B) Cambyses.
C) Darius.
D) Xerxes.
E) Zarathustra.
6. The Persian Royal Road
stretched some 2,575 kilometers (1,600 miles) from Sardis in Lydia to Susa in Iran. To travel from one end to the other, it would
take
A) six
months for caravans.
B) ninety
days for caravans.
C) two
weeks for Marathon runners.
D) one
month for imperial couriers.
E) one
year for merchants.
7. The Persian Wars (500--479
B.C.E.) referred to
A) the
rebellions of Mesopotamia and Egypt against the Achaemenid
overlord.
B) the
rebellions of the Greek city-states, fighting for their independence.
C) the
wars between Alexander of Macedon and the Achaemenid
empire.
D) the
series of civil wars that occurred within the Achaemenid
empire.
E) none
of the above.
8. Alexander's invasion of
the Achaemenid empire met with great success because
A) his
army outnumbered the Persian army.
B) he
proclaimed himself the heir to the Achaemenid rulers.
C) his
army was well disciplined, was well armed, and used sophisticated tactics.
D) he
was popular with the people of the empire.
E) all
of the above.
15. The economic foundation
of classical Persian society was
A) long-distance
trade.
B) herding
domestic animals.
C) manufactured
goods.
D) slavery.
E) agriculture.
16. The growth of trade was
promoted by
A) linking
the lands from India to Egypt into a vast commercial zone.
B) standardizing
coinage.
C) cities
establishing banks to facilitate commercial activities.
D) relative
political stability.
E) all
of the above.
17. Zarathustra
was
A) an
emperor.
B) a
prophet.
C) a
magi.
D) a
monotheist.
E) none
of the above.
19. From the mid-seventh century,
Zoroastrianism lost its popularity because
A) Zoroastrians
were converting to Islam.
B) it
was outlawed by the Persian government.
C) it
was outlawed by the Islamic conquerors.
D) more
and more people turned to belief in Christianity.
E) none
of the above.
20. Which of the following
religions did not attract large numbers of converts in the Persian empires?
A) Buddhism
B) Christianity
C) Manicheism
D) Hinduism
E) Zoroastrianism
Chapter 8
1. Confucius left an enduring
mark on Chinese society as
A) an
educator and political advisor.
B) a man
involved in the practice of statecraft as an ambitious official.
C) a
great traveler and writer of deep philosophical treatises.
D) a
powerful and wise emperor.
E) none
of the above.
4. Which of the following key
Confucian concepts is incorrectly described?
A) Ren: filial piety, or unconditional obligation to respect
parents and grandparents.
B) Li: a
sense of propriety.
C) Xiao:
respecting and taking care of parents and grandparents when they are still alive and
worshipping them after they have died.
D) Junzi: people who don't let personal interest influence
their judgments.
E) All
of the above are incorrect.
6. The concept dao means
A) natural
laws such as those defined by modern physics.
B) the
original force of the cosmos, an eternal and unchanging principle that governs
all the workings of the world.
C) passive
and yielding forces that exist only in water and empty spaces.
D) living
according to ren, li, and xia.
E) all
of the above.
7. An individual who
practiced the Daoist virtue of wuwei
would
A) motivate
himself or herself to change the world.
B) follow
high ethical standards and strive for success.
C) try
to govern the state according to benevolent paternalism.
D) go
with the flow of the cosmos and live in harmony with nature.
E) all
of the above.
8. Individuals in traditional
China could live as Confucians by day and Daoists by
night. This refers to the notion that
A) the
difference between Confucianism and Daoism was as clear-cut as day and night.
B) Confucianism
and Daoism were not mutually exclusive but, in many people's eyes,
complemented each other.
C) the
Chinese, like other peoples, were active in daytime and became passive at night.
D) Daoism
was associated with darkness and evil and Confucianism with light and good.
E) People
often pretended to be Confucians to others but were secretly practicing Daoism.
9. To make a strong and
powerful state, Legalist ministers
A) encouraged
commerce, entrepreneurial activity, and education.
B) won
the people's support by providing them with legal rights.
C) sought
to rule according to principles of benevolence.
D) encouraged
agricultural cultivation and military service.
E) all
of the above.
10. The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi
A) ordered
the burning of most books.
B) ordered
workers to link defensive walls into one barrier.
C) sentenced
scholars to be buried alive.
D) standardized
the written script.
E) all
of the above.
11. The excavation site of
the First Emperor's tomb nearby Xi'an is a great
tourist attraction. When you visit the tomb, you can see
A) a
great terra-cotta army of Qin soldiers and cavalry.
B) sacrificed
slaves, concubines, and craftsmen who designed and built the tomb.
C) a map
of the emperor's realm on the ceiling.
D) an
underground palace lined with bronze.
E) all
of the above.
12. The great Qin empire only lasted a few years. It was ended by
A) a
military coup.
B) waves
of revolts.
C) deadly
epidemics.
D) violence
of court factions.
E) invasions
by nomadic people.
14. Han Wudi,
the greatest and most energetic emperor of the Han dynasty, was remembered by
later generations
A) as
the "First Emperor."
B) as
the "Martial Emperor."
C) as a
"socialist emperor."
D) for
his successful conquest of central Asia.
E) none
of the above.
15. In preparing governmental
officials, the imperial university of the Later Han enrolled more than three
thousand students, with its curriculum primarily based on
A) the
statecraft policies of Legalism.
B) political
science and the study of law.
C) Daoism.
D) Confucianism.
E) none
of the above.
18. After 100 C.E. most
Chinese writing was on
A) bamboo
strips.
B) silk.
C) paper.
D) papyrus.
E) parchment.
2. In contrast to Persia and
China, classical India
A) was
isolated from the outside world by formidable geographical barriers.
B) did
not have well-developed religions.
C) lacked
a strong and continuing imperial tradition.
D) was a
backward country in terms of economy and culture.
E) all
of the above.
3. The invasions of Darius
and Alexander played an important role in Indian politics and history because
A) the
conquests brought India, Persia, and Mesopotamia together as one country.
B) foreign
religions began to take root in Indian society.
C) the
Greeks dominated Indian history for centuries.
D) the
intrusions destroyed many petty kingdoms and created a political vacuum.
E) all
of the above.
4. The man who founded the
first Indian empire was
A) Chandragupta Maurya
B) Chandra
Gupta
C) Ashoka Maurya
D) Alexander
of Macedon
E) Siddhartha
Gautama
5. Ashoka,
the great emperor of the Mauryan empire,
A) was
the only emperor who extended India beyond the subcontinent.
B) wrote
a handbook on the principles of government
C) converted
to Buddhism after his bloody war against Kalinga.
D) abdicated
his throne and led a life so ascetic that he starved himself to death.
E) none
of the above
6. Which of the following
caused the Maurya empire to decline and collapse?
A) financial
difficulties caused by maintaining the army and bureaucracy.
B) peasant
rebellions and factional violence among members of the imperial court.
C) foreign
invasion by White Huns.
D) too
many converts to Jainism refused to fight wars.
E) all
of the above.
8. Compared with the Mauryan empire, the Gupta empire was
A) smaller
in size.
B) less
powerful and stable.
C) less
centralized.
D) longer-lived.
E) all
of the above.
9. The White Huns occupied Bactria and prepared to cross the Hindu Kush
into India during the fourth and fifth centuries. Their invasions
A) reduced
the Gupta empire into an empty name.
B) galvanized
local kingdoms to unify themselves for self-defense.
C) met
fierce resistance from the Gupta empire.
D) introduced
Buddhism to India.
E) none
of the above.
10. Which of the following is
true with respect to marriage in classical India?
A) Child
marriage was common.
B) Intercaste marriage was forbidden by law.
C) An
ideal wife was weak-willed, faithful, and loyal to her husband.
D) Sita was the model of the ideal wife.
E) All
of the above.
11. In classical India, jati
A) were
economically self-sufficient and politically autonomous.
B) had
their own courts to control crimes and solve disputes.
C) were
not much different from guilds of other societies.
D) were
based on religious affiliation.
E) all
of the above.
14. According to legend,
Siddhartha Gautama, the first Buddha, abandoned his
family and comfortable life to lead the existence of a holy man because of his
concern with
A) suffering.
B) the
souls of everything in the universe.
C) social
responsibility associated with his caste.
D) his
guilt over his behavior in battle.
E) his
children.
15. The religious goal of
early Buddhism was
A) "Turning
of the Wheel of the Law."
B) the
Four Noble Truths.
C) the
Noble Eightfold path.
D) nirvana.
E) reincarnation.
16. According to the authors
of the textbook, Jainism and Buddhism appealed especially to members of lower
castes because both religions
A) practiced
asceticism, which poor people could afford to do.
B) did
not recognize social distinctions based on caste or jati.
C) organized
monastic orders that provided the poor with shelters and a meaningful lifestyle as monks.
D) appealed
to the brahmans.
17. Which of the following
statements do not apply to Ashoka's support of
Buddhism?
A) He
banned animal sacrifices and hunting.
B) He
became a vegetarian.
C) He
built monasteries and stupas and made pilgrimages to
Buddhist holy sites.
D) He
sent Buddhist missionaries to foreign countries.
E) He
abdicated his throne, abandoned his imperial family, lived in a Buddhist monastery,
and finally attained nirvana.
19. Buddhism gradually lost
its popularity in India because
A) it
did not promise to make life easy for its adherents.
B) brahmans, the dominant class of classical India, no longer
tolerated Buddhism.
C) Buddhist
monasteries were abolished in India by royal decree.
D) it
grew increasingly remote from the population at large.
E) all
of the above.
20. Which of the following is
not true with regard to Hinduism?
A) It
restricted sexual activities.
B) It
became the most popular religion of classical India.
C) It
did not have a single founder like Siddhartha Gautama
for Buddhism.
D) It
supported the caste system.
E) It
included a belief in reincarnation.
Chapter 10
2. Which of the following is
true with regard to Minoan and Mycenaean societies?
A) Both
societies used Linear A.
B) Both
societies built palaces.
C) Both
societies were established by Indo-European immigrants.
D) Both
societies fought in the Trojan War.
E) Both
were centered on Crete.
4. Which of the following was
part of Spartan life?
A) Boys
were taken away from their mothers for military training.
B) Young
married women did not live with their husbands.
C) The
helots were unfree servants of the Spartan state.
D) Vigorous
physical exercise for girls was encouraged, in hopes that they would bear
strong children.
E) All
of the above.
5. Which of the following was
an Athenian political leader?
A) Sophocles
B) Sappho
C) Pericles
D) Homer
E) Darius
6. How democratic was the
Athenian democracy? Choose the best description.
A) Citizenship
was open to all residents.
B) Slavery
was abolished through Solon's reform.
C) All
citizens were qualified to join the city councils.
D) Men
and women could hold political office.
E) None
of the above.
7. Between the mid-eighth and
the late sixth centuries B.C.E., the Greeks founded more than four hundred
colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The driving
force behind such a movement was primarily
A) population
pressure.
B) an
abundance of agricultural land in Greece.
C) earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions on the Greek peninsula.
D) a
sense of pride associated with military conquests of other peoples.
E) fleeing
from the Persians.
8. Which of the following was
not a consequence of Greek colonization?
A) It
quickened the social development of the peoples living in the western
Mediterranean and Black Sea regions.
B) It
led to direct conflict between the Greeks and the Persians.
C) It
made Greeks weak and isolated from one another.
D) It
disrupted trade and commerce.
E) It
led to the gradual decline in the economy of the Peloponnese.
9. The Delian
League was created to
A) conduct
democratic reforms in Athens.
B) discourage
further Persian invasions.
C) maintain
peace within the Greek world.
D) bring
greater wealth to Sparta and its allies.
E) all
of the above.
10. The Peloponnesian War was
fought between
A) two
groups of Greek adversaries under the leadership of Athens and Sparta.
B) Thebes
and Corinth.
C) Anatolian
Greeks and peninsular Greeks.
D) the
Persian Empire and Athens.
E) none
of the above.
11. The freedom and
independence of the Greek poleis finally fell under
A) Xerxes
by 480 B.C.E.
B) Pericles by 429 B.C.E.
C) Philip
II by 338 B.C.E.
D) Alexander
by 336 B.C.E.
E) Plato
by 400 B.C.E.
12. By 327 B.C.E. Alexander's
troops refused to go any further from home after they reached
A) Egypt.
B) Bactria.
C) China.
D) Mesopotamia.
E) India.
13. Which of the following is
not true with regard to Alexandria of Egypt?
A) It
had one of the largest libraries in the ancient world.
B) It
was the commercial center of the Mediterranean.
C) It
was the cultural capital of the Hellenistic world.
D) It
was originally a colony of Athens.
E) It
was the administrative center of the Ptolemaic empire.
14. The Greek peninsula was
A) known
for its fertile valleys and copious rainfall.
B) especially
good for travel and communication.
C) ideal
for cultivating olives and grapes.
D) the
homeland of Alexander.
E) all
of the above.
18. The most respected and
influential of the Hellenistic philosophers were
A) the
Aristotelians.
B) the
Epicureans.
C) the
Stoics.
D) the
Platonists.
E) the
Skeptics.
Chapter 11
3. The society of the
Etruscans was ruled by
A) city-states.
B) a
republican government.
C) powerful
kings.
D) two
consuls.
E) tribunes.
4. The Roman republic was
dominated by
A) patricians.
B) plebeians.
C) democratic
leaders.
D) merchants.
E) priests.
5. Which of the following was
not done by the Romans after they defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars?
A) They
spread salt on Carthaginian lands.
B) They
forced many survivors into slavery.
C) They
confiscated Carthaginian possessions in north Africa and Iberia.
D) They
exempted Carthaginians from taxation.
E) They
used Carthaginian resources to finance future expansion.
8. Which of the following was
done by Caesar after he seized power in 49 B.C.E.?
A) He
started large-scale building projects.
B) He
centralized the military under his control.
C) He
named himself dictator for life.
D) He
distributed property to the veterans of his armies.
E) All
of the above.
11. By Roman law,
A) a
defendant was assumed innocent until proven guilty.
B) defendants
had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge.
C) the
judge enjoyed great discretion in applying laws.
D) judges
could set aside laws.
E) all
of the above.
12. Which of the following
were not attractions of the city of Rome?
A) public
baths, swimming pools, gymnasia.
B) the
Pantheon's dome.
C) statues,
monumental arches, temples, aqueducts.
D) public
beaches on the Mediterranean.
E) chariot
races in the Circus Maximus.
13. Which of the following is
true of the Roman family?
A) It
meant an entire household, including slaves, servants, and relatives.
B) It
included the pater familias,
who was the authority.
C) Women
supervised the domestic affairs.
D) Children
could be sold into slavery.
E) All
of the above.
14. Which of the following
does not describe Roman slaves?
A) They
were often chained together to work on latifundia.
B) In
cities, they were often freed when they reached thirty years of age.
C) They
had the right to elect their own tribunes.
D) Female
slaves usually worked as domestic servants.
E) Some
slaves were highly educated.
19. After Jesus' crucifixion,
his followers called him "Christ," meaning
A) "the
anointed one."
B) "the
son of God."
C) "the
enlightened one."
D) "the
sacrificer."
20. The remarkable growth of
early Christianity reflected the new faith's appeal particularly to
A) Roman
emperors.
B) high-ranking
officials and the wealthy elite.
C) Roman
soldiers and military officers.
D) the
lower classes, urban populations, and women.