Notes from the Princeton Review

“Cracking the AP World History Exam”

 

1450-1750

 

The Safavid Empire

-         1501, 15 year old named Ismail gained control of Persia, took title of shah, established Safavid empire

-         Fafavids were strict Shiites, Ismail ( died in 1526) and decendents converted pop. To Shiite

-         Safavids fought neighbors (Ottomans, Uzbecs, C Asia)

-         Turned itself into gun powder empire (Ottoman, Mughah)

-         Most famous shah, Abbas I the Great (1587-1628) created effective army w/ traditional aristocratic calvalry and slave infantry (like janissaries)

-         Also known as culturally/intellectually tolerant ruler

-         Abbas moved capital to Isfahan

-         Produced rugs, ceramic tiles, metal work

-         Monopoly on silk trade

-         Declined in 1600’s and 1700’s

-         No money, hurt economy and military

-         1722, invaded by Afghans, 1723 fell altogether

 

The Ottoman

-         Osmen Bey unified Turks in Anatolia

-         Captured Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453

-         Originally religiously tolerant

-         Became less so as they expanded

-         Janissaries

-         Selim I (1512 came to power)

-         Expanded territory

-         Claimed he was heir to caliphs

-         Saleiman I the Magnificent (1520-1566)

-         Built up military

-         Encouraged the nuts

-         Siege of Vienna, 1529 and 1683

-         Defeated by HRE and Polish King Jan Sobieski

 

Russia

-         Moscow became 3rd Rome with fall of Constantinople

-         1480, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols

-         Czar Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible)

-         1560’s reign of terror

-         1580 killed his kid

-         Time of Troubles

-         1613 Michael Romanov elected Czar by feudal lords

-         Used Cossacks to expand east

 

Pyotr Veliky 1682 – 1725

-         westernized Russia

-         “window to the West”

-         Peter III pulled Russian army out of Prussia in 7 yrs war

 

Catherine the Great (1762 – 1796)

-         repressed serfdom

-         limited growth in merchant class

-         somewhat enlightened rule

-         enlightened policies of education and western culture

-         west expansion and southern expansion to Black Sea

 

India

-         1526, Babur, Mughal Empire

-         Akbar, 1556 – 1605

-         Religious toleration

-         Nearly 100 years Muslim/Hindu peace

-         Shah Jahan – taj Mahal

-         Religious persecution again

-         1661 British East India Trading Company

-         1750 India’s not feeling too threatened

 

China

-         Zeng He exploration

-         16th century, exploration stops, Ming is in to for other reasons

-         Pirates,  Portugese in Marcao

-         17th century famines and peasant revolts

-         1644 Manchus

-         Kangxi (1662 – 1722) “enlightened” Chinese style

-         Qianlong (1735-1795) supported arts and culture

-         1757 trade restricted to Canton

 

Japan

-         16th century series of shoguns, feudalism began to decline, centralized government emerged and coincided with Japanese exposure to West

-         1600 Tokngawn Shagunate

-         Isolationist policy enforced

-         Edo period

-         1635 national Seelusion Policy

 

Industrial Revolution

-         began in Britain

-         enclosure acts

-         domestic system

-         1733- John Kay, flying shuttle

-         1764 John Hargreaus, spinning jenny

-         1793 Eli Whitney, cotton gin

-         1769 James Watt steam engine

-         1867 Robert Fulton steamship

-         1820’s George Stephanson, steam powered locomotive

-         Factory system

-         Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts

-         Henry Ford’s assembly line

-         Mercantilism

-         Luddites- Enlgish (radical) anti-factory group

-         Facotry Act of 1883

-         Woman’s rights

-         1833- slavery outlawed

-         Labor unions, social mobility

-         Social Darwinists, Ripling, “White Man’s Burden”

 

European Imperialism in India

-         1750’s, 7 years war – Britain wins

-         British East India Company, Robert Clive

-         1857, Sepoy Mutiny (beef/pork grease)

-         1858, India’s a British colony

-         Bahador Shak II exhiled

-         1877, Victoria is Empress of India

 

The Atlantic Slave Trade

-         1441, Portugese began shipping slaves to Europe

-         -1542, Encomienda system abolished because Catholics didn’t like the system, it killed to many for big labor source

-         Sugar production labor intensive

-         275000 slaves in 1500’s (2,000 more per year on)

-         1600’s, a million slaves

-         1700’s, 6 million slaves

-         About 12 million total

-         Death rate on Middle Passage went down from 25% to 10% for economic reasons