An Outline of

An Outline of

The Princeton Review’s

“Cracking the AP World History Exam”

Foundations Unit

Development of Agricultural Civilizations

Central Africa

- Plantains, bananas, yams

North and South America

- Maize, beans, squash

India

- millet, barley (7000 B.C.E.)

China

- millet (6000 B.C.E)

South East Asia

- rice

Women played a big role in going from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

- migratory

- slash and burn

- shifting

- fertilizing, irrigation, mixed crops

Fermentations of grains (alcohol) discovered in Middle East near end of Neolithic.

Megalith- large standing stone structure for worshipping (Stonehenge)

Rise of Cities

- Allow transfer of goods, ideas, and services.

- Offer protection

- Create specialization of labor

- First cities 8000-7000 B.C.E.

First Cities

- Jericho (West bank of Jordan River)

- Catal Hiiyiik (Turkey)

- Danpo (China, 4000-5000 B.C.E.)

Bronze Age

- Started in China 4000-3000 B.C.E.

- Continued 3500-1200 B.C.E.

- End of the Neolithic Era

- Ended around 1200 B.C.E. with discovery of Iron.

- Plow was very important to rise of civilized society

Writing

- First Sumerians (3500-3000 B.C.E)

- Allowed preservation of knowledge

- Few societies became civilized without writing (The Incans were an exception)

Elements of Society

- social/political organization

- agriculture

- use of tools

- use of cities

Major Societies, Kingdoms, and Empires to 1000 C.E. (ch. 3, pg. 57)

River Valley Civilizations

-Mesopotamia, Sumerian, Babylonian (Tigris and Euphrates River)

-Egypt

-Indus River

-Early China and Yellow River (Huang Ho River)

Early Civilizations were often composed of large groups loosely connected societies tied by common language, culture, etc, that were often competitive much like modern western civilization.

Mesopotamia

- Greek term “land between waters”

- “Fertile Crescent”

- 3500-2350 B.C.E. –Sumerians

- 1900-1600 B.C.E. –Babylonians

- Tigris/Euphrates unpredictable, damns, dikes, ditches built as a result.

- Built cities (Babylon)

- Highly centralized society governed by ruling class.

- “legal”- big man

- First to develop written language in Western tradition.

- 3300 B.C.E. –script called cuneiform.

- Before 2000 B.C.E –Giglamesh Epic- Sumerian

- Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.)

*Babylonian

*Hammurabi’s Code

*Harsh

*favored ruling laws

*systematic, consistent set of regulations rather then ruler’s will govern society.

-Polytheistic

*temples

-built of clay

-ziggurats (pyramid-ish)

-base -60# system still used in time and navigation.

Egypt

- 3100 B.C.E.

- King Menes united Upper (south) and Lower (North) Egypt

- Early Dynastic Era (3100-25758 B.C.E)

- Old Kingdom (2575-2134 B.C.E.)

- Civil War occurred during First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.E)

- Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E) powerful, intellectual, culturally dominate

- 2^nd Intermediate Period (1640-1532 B.C.E)

o Ruled by Hyjsos invaders

- New Kingdom (ended 1070 B.C.E.)

o Active militarily (enslaved Jews)

Egyptian Accomplishments

- hieroglyphics

- pyramids

- papyrus paper

- irrigation

- geometry

Egyptian Women

- 2^nd to men

- Managed household/education of children

- Right to divorce/ alimony

- Right to own property

- Some managed businesses

- Some were high priestesses

- Queen Hatshepsut became Pharaoh

The Indus Valley (Harappan)

- Arabian Sea Coast (Pakistan, NW India)

- Arose around 2660 BCE

- Written language (not yet deciphered)

- Large, heavily urbanized

- Many cities (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro)

- Thought to be tightly unifies and centralized politically

- Produced metal tools

- Traded heavily

- Lasted until approximately 1900 BCE

- Cause for fall is unknown

-either environmental factors or outside invasion

China Yellow (Huang Ho) River

- wheat, millet, rice

o rice required cooperative labor

- bronze making

Dynasties

Shang (1750-1027 BCE)

- led warrior aristocracy

- fought barbarians on N & W

- extensive trade (possibly with Middle East)

- jade – ivory – silk

- Chinese system of writing (pictograms) developed

- 2 most important aspects of Chinese religion

*fortune telling *ancestor worship

Zhou (Chou) (1027-221 B.C.E.)

- founded when King Wu overthrew Shang

- decline began ca 800 B.C.E.

*internal collapse *civil wars

“Warring States” period (480 – 221 B.C.E.)

- preserved technology and learning

- ca 600 B.C.E., use of iron

- central principal: Mandate of Heaven

-if ruler governed fairly, claim divine right

-Confucianism, Daoism emerged

The Celts

-no written language

-not united

-not considered civilized

-emerge central Europe (N of Danube)

*spread around 500 B.C.E.

(mostly to France, Spain, Great Britain)

-deep oral tradition (myths, folktales, songs)

- polytheistic (druids)

- metalworking

The Ancient Middle East (p.60)

The Hittites (ca 1700-1200 B.C.E.)

-very likely 1^st group to systematically use iron weapons

- dominant in 1200’s (B.C.E.) in Mesopotamia

Assyrians & Neo-Babylonians

- 1^st true empire

- Conquered neighbors (911-612 B.C.E.)

- Army of 500,000 w/iron weapons & cavalry

- Dominated most of Middle East

- Deliberate policy of ruthlessness and cruelty

- Ended by (haldeans (Neo-Babylonians)

-626-539 B.C.E.

-famous ruler Nebuchadnezzar (ca 605-562)

-Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Persians (550-331 B.C.E)

- last group to dominate ME politically before Alexander

- Cyrus the Great

- conquered present day Iran (550)

- Darius the Great (522-486)

*Turkey & Libya to border of India

*largest empire to date

Postal system decentralized gov’t

Road networks (sutraps ruled in name of emperor)

Single currency offered religion –Zoroastrianism

Religiously tolerant of most faiths

Hebrews

- under Abraham, 1^st monotheistic society

- politically weak

- enslaved by Egyptians (1400-1200 B.C.E.)

- conquered by Assyrians (721 B.C.E.)

- taken over by Neo-Babylonians (ca 587-539) B.C.E.)

- strong religions/cultural legacy

Phoenicians & Lydians

Phoenicians

-settled in present-day Syria & Lebanon (1100 B.C.E.)

*cities of Tyre Sidon

- advanced economy (export of timber & dye)

Colonies in N. Africa (Carthage)

-1^st alphabet when symbols represent sounds

*base of most Western languages

Lydians

-ca 600-500 B.C.E.

*1^st use of metal coinage as currency

Greece & Rome (p.62)

- laid political/intellectual foundations for W. society

Early Greece

Minoans (Crete) 200-1450 B.C.E.

Mycenaens (Mainland) 1450-1150 B.C.E.

-trading societies

Greek Dark Ages (1150-800 B.C.E.)

- unification of Greek culture (Hellenes)

- common language & religion

- low level of political/social development

- limited farm/land

- sea trade important

*resulted in trade of goods and spread of culture

*dominance of colonies

*powerful military

*sophisticated means of transportation/communications

Draco & Sol - aristocrats from Athens who helped create democracy & worked for fair, equal participation

Athens – monarchy>aristocracy> democracy

^ ^ ^

Powerful more powerful height of power

Greek City-States

- archaic period (ca 800-500 B.C.E.)

- Greek terrain (islands, mountains) prevented unity

- Dozens of independent, competing states

- City-states named polis (politics)

- Composed of citizens, free people with no political rights, non-cities (slaves)

City-States (Big ones)

*Athens – 1^st democracy (after the Persian Wars)

- wealth through trade & power

- more had right to vote (not women or slaves)

- reached peak under Pericles (ca 461-429 B.C.E.)

- strong navy

- slavery in Athens allowed democracy by giving freemen time to participate in

Gov’t.

Sparta- rigid, slave-holding dictatorship

-most effective/feared army

- fought Trojans

-slavery prevalent

- women had higher status than anywhere else

*Corinth

*Thebes

Classical Period & Age of Alexander the Great

Classical Period (ca 500-338 B.C.E.)

-two wars with Persians

- won because of Spartan/Athenian leadership

-competition between Sparta/Athens led in Golden Age

To Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)

-Sparta won

- all Greek city-states weakened

Age of Alexander

- weakened by Peloponnesian War, Greece invaded by Macedonians (Greekish

but not as advanced)

- Alexander (356 – 323 B.C.E.)

· spread empire to Persian, Africa, border of India

· preserve/spread Greek culture

Hellenic (Greek) Culture

- known as Hellenism (from Hellas, Greek for Greece)

- influenced by science (geometry, physics, math, astronomy)

- celebration of life & humanism

- literature

*Homer (poet)

*playwrights- Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripedes

- philosophers

*Socrates (470-399) Pluto (428-347) Aristotle (384-322)

- polytheistic (Note: Greek Gods were given human failings>humanism

Rome

Early History

509 B.C.E. –Romans rebelled against Etruscan rulers

- Roman Republic-(509-31 B.C.E.)

* tensions between plebeians (lower class) & patricians (upper)

-plebeians gradually gained more rights, but were never equal

-twelve tables of Rome

-codified laws

-patriarchal family

-women had rights, but were thought inferior

-expansion

- Punic Wars (Carthage)

*214-169 BCE- Greece, Balkans, Asian/Egypt

*Civil Wars 91-30 BCE

- Republican government failed- dictators arose

( Julius Caesar 49-44 BCE)

Roman Empire

*31 BCE-476 CE

- 1^st emperor Octavian- Caesar Augustus (30 BCE-14 CE)

- Emperors became despotic

- Rome’s economic/ military power

- Rome expanded territory

Problems in the Empire

- 200s problems started

- 300s Empire split East and West

- Overexpansion of government military power cause problems in West

- Invasion by Barbarians

- 410 Rome sacked by Goths

- 476 Rome sacked again, empire fell

Roman Society

*citizens

- plebeians (lower)

- Patricians(upper)

-Government officials(more rights)

*non-citizens

-subjects with no civil rights

*slaves

-several revolts(Spartacus)

Rights of Women

-Women were thought to be inferior

*Republicans

-No rights

*End of Republic

-still “lower” sex

-right to divorce, economic rights(no revolts)

Roman Culture

*Preserved Hellenic philosophy, literature, scientific learning

*master builders and engineers

*built infrastructure (lasting until present)

*Roman law

*countries in Middle Ages and later attempted to Roman imperial unity (HRE)

*Christianity (E Empire)

-legal (313

-official religion (380)

-intellectual, cultural

China

200 BCE- 1^st millennium CE

-Qin(Ch’in)- 221-206 BCE

-Han- 206-220 CE

-Sui- 589-618 CE

-Tang- 618-906 CE

The Chin (Qin)

*The First Emperor- Shi Huangdi

-where the name “China” came from

-dictatorial, tightly centralized nation

-modernized Chinese army (bows, iron, cavalry)

-forced labor to build roads

-forced labor to begin structures of Great Wall of China

-legalism

*political

-strong emperor

-large bureaucracy

-handed down to other dynasties

Han Dynasty

*powerful, efficiently governed empire

-Emperor WuTi (140-87 BCE)

-expanded empire (N. Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia)

-effective administration, postal service, taxes, roads, defensive fortifications,

Canals,(yellow and Yangtze)

-strong economy (agriculture, silk production)

-200 CE Han starts in(agriculture slump, government corruption, week leadership

Outside invasion

-collapsed 220 CE(very similar to Rome)

-many small, unimportant dynasties until 589 CE

-chaos/anarchy until 589

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui- 589- 618 C.E.

-reunified China

-Extensive military conquest

Tang-618- 906 C.E.

-extended Chinese rule (central Asia, SE Asia)

-forced Tibut, Korea, Vietnam, Japan into tributary ($ system)

-infrastructure

-strong economy

-trade with middle east through SE Asia and Indian ocean

-Silk Road

-peasant rebellions/military disasters in 800’s caused the collapse

-collapsed in 906 C.E.

-China split into status, not united until 1200’s

Central Asia

*Nomadic tribes

*may be ancestors of Indo-Europeans

-Aryans

-Hajkjk

-Mongols

-Magyars

-Tartars

-Seljuks

-ottomans

-Seythians

-Persians

Nara and Heian Japan

-Japanese state originated 200-300’s BCE

Nara

-Yama to rogine headquatered in city of Nara

-300 or 400’s CE

-300-794 BCE

-Contact with China and Korea

- Buddhism from China

-Chinese influences in art, architecture, literature, and religion

Heian

-imperial family moved capital to Kyoto to avoid Buddhists priests in Nara

-794-1185 CE

-peace, prosperity, cultural splendor

-polities dominated by Fujijkjk clan

-The Tale of Genji by Lady Muarasuki

-1000CE, golden age of pre-modern Japanese history

-decline in 1000’s and 1100’s from decadence and weak leadership. (fell 1185CE)

Classical India

*River valley civilization ended in 1900 BCE

-not considered “true” Indian (unclear matter)

*Indian culture started around 1500 BCE with invasions of North India by Aryans

Aryan Invasion

-Aryans from Persia and Central Asia

-one of earliest Indo-European groups

-principle Eurasian linguistic/ ethnic groups

-light-skinned Aryans conquered

-Established warrior society, enslaved Prauidians

-Eventually blended with prauidians to form “true” Indians

Characteristics of Indian culture enacted

-elite language, Sanskrit, for religions, literary, intellectual purposes

-Vedic and early Hindu Faiths

-caste system

-priests(Brahmins)

-warriors and political rulers

-commoners

-servants/peasants

-the “untouchables”

-became very complex and rigid, almost impossible to move from 1 caste to another

-led to tremendous degree of social rigidity and stratification persisting well into 20^th century

Mauryan Empire

-founded by Chandragupta Maurya

-1^st Empire to unite nearly all of India

-Emperor Ashoka(269-232 BCE)

-warrior as youth

-became Buddhist advocating peace and tolerance

-admired for justice and wisdom

- tried to create harmony

-collapsed from attacks by outside enemies and economic problems

Gupta

-Hinduism became dominant-caste system reinforced

-women lost virtually all rights

-couldn’t participate in sacred rituals or study religion

-urban society placed importune on inheritance of property resulting in child morning(6 or 7 year old girls)

Gupta Empire

-after fall of Mauryan Empire, in 184 BCE, India was in political disunity

-320CE-550CE

-controlled most of North and Central India

-Hindu rulers practiced religions toleration

-collapsed from outside pressure(from NW)

-from 550CE until after 1000CE, India was decentralized

-then, Muslim invaders moved into Indian subcontinental and greatly influenced Indian culture and politics

-collapsed from invasion by white hans

Byzantium (p. 69)

- formed w/ split of Roman Empire 395 CE

- Constantinople important crossroads b/w Europe, Middle East, and Asia

- blend of Greek and Roman culture

- cradle/ pressures of Christianity

- Emperor Justinian 500s:

*codified Roman Laws

* art & culture

* Constantinople underwent architectural changes

- Hagia Sophia built

- Religious art (icon) paintings of Saints, Christ, Mary

* more territory

- reclaimed much of former W Roman Empire

- power went down in the 1000’s due to increase in Muslim power

- fell 1453 to Ottoman Turks

Major Belief Systems Through 600

Polytheism- many Gods

Impact:

-Rise of priestly class

-Rigid social structure

-people get used to being ruled

-same civilizations but collective Gods for each city (Greece, Sumer)

-seen as d,.,,, on earth and in heavens (battles han cities)

-validity to state’s claim for predominance with military success

Confucianism- China 400 on…(widely practiced)

-NOT a religion- it’s a political/social philosophy

-Created by Confucius- education/political advisor who was strong-willed and disagreed with state too much risk far

-Many followers- some helped teach

- thoughts and sayings recorded in Analects

-Deals with question of how to restore social/political order (China didn’t have at times)

*Five fundamental relations: when each person fulfills obligations in all, society is orderly

-Ruler and subject

-And child

-husband and wife

-id and younger brother

-friend and friend

-junzi-individuals considered superior because they’re educated, conscientious, and able to put personal ambition aside for good at state

-Ren- Humanity, kindness, benevolence

-Li- Propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders

-Xaio- Filial Piety (respect for family obligation, including extended family)

-Confucius thought: People would lead by example this way

*believed in exercise of Enlightenment leadership

*Believed not in particular political system but instead running existing well

*Under Confucianism, women respected by kids but relegated to secondary role.

Impact: Only in China

-Survived because it was flexible with religions

-resulted in distinct Chinese culture with right-knit society when members had duties/responsibilities in community from birth to death.

Taoism: China-500

-Dao (Tao) is way of nature, way of cosmos

-founded by Lao-Tzu (Chinese philosopher)

-based on elusive concept regarding on eternal principle governing all workings of world.

-Dao is passive and yielding

-ambition/activism only bringing chaos

-wawel- “Doctrine of Disengagement” from world

-simple life in harmony with nature

-priests used magic to influence spirits

Impact of Daoism

-Advocates formation of small, self sufficient communities (Counterbalance to Confucius activism)

-promoted scientific discovery

-added to complexity/uniqueness of China

Legalism

-China, Qin Dynasty (Same time as Conf, Daoism)

-Believed peace and order achievable only through centralized, rightly governed state.

-didn’t trust human nature, liked tough laws

-harsh punishment, strong central government, unquestioned authority

-focused on things that were focused on sustaining society (farming/military)

Impact

-unification of China, Great Wall

-widespread resentment

-widespread acceptance of Conf. and Daoism.

Hinduism

-Aryans and Indians

*One supreme force (Brahma) Creator of all things

-Gods all manifestations of Brahma

Vishnu (The Preserver)

Shiva (The Destroyer)

-Life goal: to merge with Brahma

-Who you are is because of who you were

*Dharma- Rules and obligations of cast you were born into

*Ultimate goal: moksha-highest state of being

-perfect internal peace and release of soul

*Vedas and Upanishads- Sources of prayer, verse, and descriptions

Impact of Hinduism

-Caste system

-Acceptance- If your not happy, follow Dharma and you’ll move up

-close identity with caste system promoted spread elsewhere

-later spread Buddhism.

Buddhism

-Eastern-India, China, SE Asia

-founded by Hindu prince- Siddhartha Gautana

-Nepalese (563-483 BCE)- rejected $ to search

-became Buhha(Enlightened one) for variety of human after modifitity under second Bodhi tree

-no supreme being-four noble truths

-all life is suffering -suffering caused by desires

-can be freed of desire -by following 8fold path

-Eightfold path: right :views aspirations speech

-conduct, livelihood, endeavor, mindfulness, meditation

-following-nirvana- state of perfect peace and harmony

-may take several lifetimes to achieve

-anyone can achieve, regardless of states(vs caste system)

-after Buddha’s death(483 BCE) split occurred

Theravada(Hinayana) Mahayana

“way of the elders” -complicated

“the lessen vehicle” -lots of rituals

-meditation -appealed to people who thought Buddha didn’t

-simplicity Offer enough spiritual content

Impact of Buddhism

-didn’t recognize social hierarchies, appealed to members of lower rank

-doesn’t apply to social structures, spread rapidly

-spread rapidly by Ashoka, but India went back to Hinduism

Judaism

-Hebrews

-believe God selected them, if they follow his laws, worship him, remain faithful, they would be preserved for all time

-follows a few religions traditions

-belief in afterlife- set of traditions/doctrines

-philosophy-personal salvation

-believe enacted by god and live in world enacted by personal, all-good, sovereign(monotheistic) god who enacted world for humans to live in and enjoy and exercise free will

-Torah

-destiny in paradise, reached with divine help

-task of humans is to honor/serve god by following laws of moses, promote ethics of prophets, maintain identity of people

-religion and societal custom

-first monotheistic religion

Christianity

-Jesus of Nazareth

-taught devotion to god and love for humans

-Romans and Jewish leaders didn’t buy it

-30CE, Jesus crucified, Christianity born

-appealed to leave classes and women

Big Idea

-religions began to become concerned with internal peace rather than bodily protection as they began to understand nature